4B.7

Cards (15)

  • Internal migration
    • Each year 2.5m people move around the UK
    • One of the highest internal migration rates in Europe
    • Hotspot in south east and London
    • There are many variables that cause this to happen
  • Flow in
    • Births - 792,400 in 2013
    • Immigration - 503,700 in 2013
  • Flow out
    • Deaths - 580,300 in 2013
    • Emigrants - 320,400 in 2013
  • Temporary inflow and outflow
    +5,200 in 2023
  • Population change
    (births - deaths) +/- (immigrants - migrants) +/- (temporary inflow - temporary outflow)
  • London as a dynamic population
    • In 2013 London had the largest natural increase (40% of the UK's increase)
    • Net international migration (43% of UK's total)
    • However, London had the greatest outward internal migration
    • Deficit of 100,000 people
  • 1960s 'White Flight'
    • Movement of middle-class white families from cities such as London or New York for more spacious suburbs
    • Underlying racism
    • Those in the city left the outer suburbs when they could afford property in sub-urbanised villages to move away from the city
    • A re-shuffling occurred as socio-economically well off migrant communities left inner-city areas for outer suburbs where the white middle-class had left
    • This spiralled as white people left the outer suburbs to not live with migrants
  • Why people leave London
    • Middle and retirement age people
    1. Move to South East (more space for family and children)
    2. Move to South West (retirement)
    3. National trend causing London to become a younger city
    • Rapidly rising property prices since 2000
    1. Given many older age groups valuable financial assets
    2. Can sell their small flat/house in London and buy a large house outside the city
  • Results of internal migration
    • Uneven demographic and cultural patterns
    • A capital city with an increasing population of young professionals, immigrant and ethnic communities
    • In 2011 Census, Newham in East London was the first borough to register a minority white population
    • Now includes Redbridge, Harrow and Brent
    • Votes for Brexit were influenced by perceived changes to culture and society
  • Migration from the Indian subcontinent
    • Most immigrants from the Indian subcontinent arrived in the 1950s and 60s
    • Wide range of backgrounds, including:
    • Sikhs from Punjab
    • Muslims from Pakistan and Bangladesh
    • Hindus from western India
    • Many experienced discrimination, including in jobs and housing
    • Around 80% of White British people thought there were too may immigrants in the 1950s
  • Migration from the West Indies (Windrush Generation)

    • British Citizens
    • 1948-70 500,000 came to UK
    • Many recruited due to labour shortages, specifically NHS and public transport
    • Some long-term residents of the UK were threatened with deportation to the West Indies, causing a scandal
  • Post-colonial migration

    • Large-scale immigration from former British colonies promoted by the government
    • Migrants given rights to settle in the UK
    • Particular job vacancies (such as NHS) sponsored
    • Migrants could apply for family to join them
    • Many of these migrants experienced discrimination
    • Their grandchildren still live in areas of deprivation
  • Impacts of globalisation
    • 'Cool Britania' - late 90s
    • The term branded the attraction of the UK for its global links to companies and its global culture
    • The UK has become a destination of choice for many migrants
    • Many migrants are London based, but large numbers have spread throughout the country
    • Influencing local cultures, languages and religions
  • Results of globalisation
    • Many TNCs encourage immigration from USA, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand to work in the knowledge economy. Their demand for specific skills can only be satisfied by overseas recruitment
    • After 1992, the 'Maastricht Agreement' allowed free movement of workers between EU member states
    • Polish migrants now represent the UK's largest ever inward migration - over 600,000 Poles have arrived in the UK since 2004
    • Younger international migrants have helped to combat an ageing UK work force
  • Migrants in rural areas (Boston, Lincolnshire)
    • Fertile soils make it the UK's most productive areas for growing vegetables
    • Vegetable picking is done largely by Eastern Europeans for low wages
    • Boston population increased by 479% between 2001-2011
    • Some locals welcome migrants, but others haven't
    • Boston's Latvian community was suffering abuse from contractors