In 2013 London had the largest natural increase (40% of the UK's increase)
Net international migration (43% of UK's total)
However, London had the greatest outward internal migration
Deficit of 100,000 people
1960s 'White Flight'
Movement of middle-class white families from cities such as London or New York for more spacious suburbs
Underlying racism
Those in the city left the outer suburbs when they could afford property in sub-urbanised villages to move away from the city
A re-shuffling occurred as socio-economically well off migrant communities left inner-city areas for outer suburbs where the white middle-class had left
This spiralled as white people left the outer suburbs to not live with migrants
Why people leave London
Middle and retirement age people
Move to South East (more space for family and children)
Move to South West (retirement)
National trend causing London to become a younger city
Rapidly rising property prices since 2000
Given many older age groups valuable financial assets
Can sell their small flat/house in London and buy a large house outside the city
Results of internal migration
Unevendemographic and cultural patterns
A capital city with an increasing population of young professionals, immigrant and ethnic communities
In 2011 Census, Newham in East London was the first borough to register a minority white population
Now includes Redbridge, Harrow and Brent
Votes for Brexit were influenced by perceived changes to culture and society
Migration from the Indian subcontinent
Most immigrants from the Indian subcontinent arrived in the 1950s and 60s
Wide range of backgrounds, including:
Sikhs from Punjab
Muslims from Pakistan and Bangladesh
Hindus from western India
Many experienced discrimination, including in jobs and housing
Around 80% of White British people thought there were too may immigrants in the 1950s
Migration from the West Indies (Windrush Generation)

British Citizens
1948-70 500,000 came to UK
Many recruited due to labour shortages, specifically NHS and public transport
Some long-term residents of the UK were threatened with deportation to the West Indies, causing a scandal
Post-colonial migration

Large-scale immigration from former British colonies promoted by the government
Migrants given rights to settle in the UK
Particular job vacancies (such as NHS) sponsored
Migrants could apply for family to join them
Many of these migrants experienced discrimination
Their grandchildren still live in areas of deprivation
Impacts of globalisation
'Cool Britania' - late 90s
The term branded the attraction of the UK for its global links to companies and its global culture
The UK has become a destination of choice for many migrants
Many migrants are London based, but large numbers have spread throughout the country
Influencing local cultures, languages and religions
Results of globalisation
Many TNCs encourage immigration from USA, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand to work in the knowledge economy. Their demand for specific skills can only be satisfied by overseas recruitment
After 1992, the 'Maastricht Agreement' allowed free movement of workers between EU member states
Polish migrants now represent the UK's largest ever inward migration - over 600,000 Poles have arrived in the UK since 2004
Younger international migrants have helped to combat an ageing UK work force
Migrants in rural areas (Boston, Lincolnshire)
Fertile soils make it the UK's most productive areas for growing vegetables
Vegetable picking is done largely by Eastern Europeans for low wages
Boston population increased by 479% between 2001-2011
Some locals welcome migrants, but others haven't
Boston's Latvian community was suffering abuse from contractors