RSEARCH

• Design


  A plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind
• Research design


  • Serves as a blueprint or skeletal framework of your research study
  • Requires you to finalize your mind on the purpose, philosophical basis, and types of data of your research, including your method of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting the data
• Case Study


  To describe a person, a thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining the reasons behind the nature of its existence
• Case Study

  • Aims to determine why such creature (person, organization, thing, or event) acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular manner
  • Has the capacity to deal with a lot of factors to determine the unique characteristics of the entity
• Ethnography


  Requires the researcher's actual participation in the group members' activities
• Ethnography


  • Researcher treats as an outsider whose role is just to observe the group
  • Usually done by anthropologists whose interest basically lie in cultural studies
• Historical Study


  Differs from other research designs due to the scope, which refers to the number of years covered, the kind of events focused on, and the extent of new knowledge or discoveries resulting from the historical study
• example of Historical Study

  • A Five-Year Study of the Impact of the K-12 Curriculum on the Philippine Employment System
  • The Rise and Fall of the Twenty-Year Reign of Former Philippine President, Ferdinand E. Marcos
  • Filipino-Student Activism from the Spanish Era to the Contemporary Period
• Phenomenology


  Focusing on people's meaning and making strategies in relation to their life experiences
• Phenomenology


  • Relevant or useful to people such as teachers, nurses, guidance counselors, and the like whose work entails giving physical and emotional assistance or relief to people
• Grounded Theory


  Aims at developing a theory to increase understanding of something in a psycho-social context
• Grounded Theory


  • Enables the development of theories to explain sociologically and psychologically influenced phenomena for proper identification of a certain educational process
• Sampling


  The method or process of selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data for a research study
• Population


  The bigger group from where the sample is chosen
• Sampling frame


  The list of the members of the population from where the sample will be obtained
• Probability sampling or unbiased sampling


  • Involves all members listed in the sampling frame representing a certain population focused on by the study
  • Gives an equal chance of participation in the sampling or selection process to every member listed in the sampling frame
  • Enables the obtainment of a sample that is capable of representing the population under study or of showing strong similarities in characteristics with the members of the population
• Sampling error


  • Crops up if the selection does not take place in the way it is planned
  • The smaller the sample, the bigger the number of sampling errors
  • The number of sampling errors depends on the size of the sample
• Simple random sampling


  • The best type of probability sampling through which the sample can be chosen from a population
  • Uses a pure-chance selection to assure every member the same opportunity to be in the sample
  • The only basis of including and excluding a member is by chance or opportunity, not by any occurrence accounted for by cause-effect relationships
• Simple random sampling


  1. Have a list of all members of the population; write each name on a card, and choose cards through a pure-chance selection

  2. Have a list of all members; give a number to each member and then use randomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from the list
• Systematic sampling


  Chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose the sample
• Systematic sampling

  • If you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students, take every 15th name on the list until you complete the total number of respondents to constitute your sample
• Stratified sampling


  The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage
• Cluster sampling


  Isolates a set of persons instead of individual members to serve as the sample
• Cluster sampling

  • If you need a sample of 120 out of 1,000 students, you can randomly select three sections with 40 students each to constitute the sample
• Quota sampling


  You resort to this when you think you know the characteristics of the target population very well, and you tend to choose sample members possessing or indicating the characteristics of the target population
• Voluntary sampling


  The subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection are the ones volunteering to constitute the sample, so there is no need for you to do any selection process
• Purposive or judgemental sampling


  You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or interest in your study
• Availability sampling


  The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with you counts a lot in this non-probability sampling method
• Snowball sampling

  
  

  kind of non-probability sampling

  • You tend to increase the number of people you want to form the sample of your study