Science

• Science, Technology and Society


  Study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation and how these, in turn, affect the community, political and culture
• Science


  A systematic approach that organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about nature and the universe
• Scientific method


  1. Observe

  2. Determine the problem

  3. Formulate hypothesis

  4. Conduct experiment

  5. Gather and analyze

  6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation
• Laws of Nature


  • There is regularity in Nature that is expressed by these Laws
  • The human mind can "know" these Laws
  • In Physics, chemistry, and biology, this regularity in Nature is often expressed in the language of mathematics
  • The Laws of Nature do not carry any time stamp that indicates when and where they were discovered, or where they are applicable
  • Laws of Nature are the same everywhere and remain so for all time-again a philosophical assumption
• Fields of Science


  • Pure/Theoretical Science
  • Applied/Practical Science
• Pure/Theoretical Science


  Method of investigating nature by the experimental method in an attempt to satisfy the need to know (matter of understanding); explains a phenomenon
• Life Sciences

  • Microbiology
  • Botany
  • Zoology
• Earth Sciences


  • Geology
  • Meteorology
  • Astronomy
• Overlapping Sciences


  • Physics + Chemistry = Physical Chemistry
  • Astronomy + Physics = Astrophysics
  • Biology + Chemistry = Biochemistry/Organic Chemistry
  • Biology + Geology = Paleontology
  • Biology + Astronomy + Physics = Astronautics
  • Geology + Chemistry = Geochemistry
  • Geology + Astronomy = Astrogeology
• Applied/Practical Science


  • Determines how a particular phenomenon may be put to use
  • Applies existing scientific knowledge to develop more practical applications, like technology or inventions
• Engineering Sciences


  • Thermodynamics
  • Heat transfer
  • Fluid mechanics
  • Statics
  • Dynamics
  • Mechanics of materials
  • Kinematics
  • Electromagnetism
  • Materials science
  • Engineering physics
• Medical Sciences


  • Medical microbiology
  • Clinical virology
• Use of Science


  • Uses the scientific method
  • Set of techniques for investigating phenomena
  • Acquiring knowledge
  • Correcting and integrating previous understanding
• Technology


  • The practical application of scientific knowledge to human life; to solve problems
  • The collection of techniques, methods or processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives of scientific investigation
• Inventions


  • Airplane
  • Telephone
  • Wheel
  • Light bulb
  • Printing press
  • Compass
  • Penicillin
  • Internet
  • Fire
  • Computer
• Advantages of Science and Technology

  • Life becomes easy and comfortable
  • Travelling has become easy and fast
  • Communication becomes easy, fast and cheaper
  • Standard of living have increased
  • Life has become easy and stable
• Disadvantages of Science and Technology

  • Man had misused the technology and used it for destructive purposes
  • Man is doing illegal things by using it
  • New technology like mobile, i-pads, etc.are creating bad effects on children
  • Terrorists are using modern technology for their destructive work
  • Due to the development of modern technology natural beauty is decreasing
• Happiness


  In psychology, a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by, among others, positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy
• Hedonistic view of well-being


  Happiness is the polar opposite of suffering; the presence of happiness indicates the absence of pain
• Eudaimonia


  • Defines happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better person
  • Coined by Aristotle
  • Describes the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans
  • Human flourishing
• Components of human flourishing (Nicomachean Ethics)


  • Phronesis
  • Friendship
  • Wealth
  • Power
• In ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring these will surely bring the seekers happiness, which in effect allows them to partake in the greater notion of what we call the Good
• As time changes, elements that comprise human flourishing changed
• Humans of today are expected to become "man of the world"
• Competition as a means of survival has become passé
• Coordination is the new trend
• Eastern vs Western conception regarding society and human flourishing

  • Eastern conception: focus is community-centric, individual should sacrifice himself for the sake of society
  • Western conception: more focused on the individual, human flourishing as an end
• Every discovery, innovation, and success contributes to our pool of human knowledge
• Elicits our idea of self-importance
• Good is inherently related to the truth
• Technology is a human activity we excel in as a result of achieving science
• Verification Theory


  • A discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted
  • Results which are measurable and experiments which are repeatable
• Falsification Theory


  • As long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best explain a phenomenon over alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology
  • Allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected by the verification theory
  • Aim at the production of new, falsifiable predictions
  • Scientific practice is characterized by its continual effort to test theories against experience and make revisions based on the outcomes of these tests
  • There is no assurance that observable events or "evidences" are indeed manifestations of a certain concept or "theories"
  • There is no known rule as to the number of instance that a theory is rejected or falsified in order for it to be set aside