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• Science


  • Comes from the Latin word "Scientia" meaning knowledge
  • Tries to discover facts and relationships and then tries to create theories that make sense of these facts and relationships
  • A system of knowledge that is concerned with the physical world and its phenomena and that entailed unbiased observation and systematic experimentation
  • A pursuit of knowledge covering the general truths or the operation of general laws
  • Follows specific "rules" and its results are always subject to testing and, if necessary, revision
• Scientific method


  1. Make an observation

  2. Identify a problem

  3. Research your problem

  4. Develop your hypotheses

  5. Design an experiment

  6. Collect and analyze results

  7. Construct a conclusion
• How can Science be defined

  • It is an idea - comprises ideas, beliefs, theories and all systematic reasons and observations on the natural and physical world
  • It is a personal and social activity - includes activities of human beings to acquire better understanding of the world
  • It is a course/field of study - a subject in basic education, a discipline or a field of study in higher education
  • It is an Intellectual activity - incorporates a methodical and applied study of the natural and physical world that involves observation and experimentation
• Technology


  • Comes from the Latin word "Techne" meaning "art or craft" and "subject or interest"
  • Practical application of what we know about nature
• Science


  Explores for the purpose of knowing
• Technology


  Explores for the purpose of making something useful from that knowledge
• Society


  • Sum total of our interactions as humans including the interactions that we engage in to figure things out and to make things
  • Group of individuals involved in a persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory
• The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in science and technology. These advances during the ancient period allowed civilization to flourish by finding better ways of COMMUNICATION, TRANSPORTATION, SELF-ORGANIZATION and of LIVING IN GENERAL
• Mesopotamia


  First recorded civilization of the world existed around 3300 - 750 BC. Now corresponds to most parts of present-day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and Turkey
• Sumerian Civilization


  • Sumer, now modern-day Iraq, the earliest known civilization in Mesopotamia
  • "The Black-headed people"
  • Known for building walled city states and their many inventions are still widely used today
• Sumerian Inventions


  • Cuneiform tablet
  • Phoenician Alphabet
  • Number system
  • First sumerian sailboat
  • Sumerian wheel
  • Irrigation system
  • Sumerian Lunar Calendar
• Babylonian Civilization


  • Ancient city of Babylon served as the center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia
  • Derived from "bav-il" or "bav-ilim" meaning "Gates of Gods"
  • Its ruins lie in modern-day Iraq
  • Biblical references reveal much about Babylon from the Time of Hammurabi in 2000 BC to its downfall around 500 BC
• Babylonian Inventions


  • Cuneiform Tablet containing Babylonian number system
  • Lunar Calendar
  • Sundial
  • Water Clock Tablet
• Hammurabi's code


  • First known written legal code in history
  • Created by Babylonian king in c. 1780 BCE
  • Punishments for crimes are relative to the severity "Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth"
  • Consist of 281 laws
• Tower of Babel - Human attempts to reach God through human efforts
• Robert Koldewey - Looking for Tower of Babel but found the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
• Africans excel in various fields such as AGRICULTURE, METALLURGY, ENGINEERING, TEXTILE PRODUCTION, AND MEDICINE
• Aside from using plants as sources of food, Africans used them for medicinal purposes such as ANESTHETICS, ANALGESIC, ANTIDOTES, ANTHELMINTICS, and ANTIMICROBIALS
• Ancient Egypt


  • One of Africa's most famous civilizations, which was born along the Nile River, which provided rich soil for agriculture
  • Known as "Kemet" meaning "black-land"
• Ancient Egyptian Inventions


  • Shadoof
  • The Great Sphinx of Giza
  • The Great Pyramid of Giza
  • Paper or Papyrus - Think sheets of plant
  • Hieroglyphics - A system of writing using symbols
• Greek Philosophy is undeniably the most renowned contribution of the Greeks to Western civilization
• Philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates questioned human existence and how the world came to be
• Leucippus and Democritus are the first proponents of the Atomic Theory in science, while Pythagoras was the firsts to realize the a complete system of mathematics could be constructed and later called Pythagorean Theorem
• Thales of Miletus


  • Popular for his precise prediction of the solar eclipse on May 28, 585 BC
  • Calculation of the height of the Pyramids
  • Description of the Ursa Minor
  • Founding of the Milesian school
• Hippocrates


  • "Father of Western Medicine"
  • Hippocratic Oath was formulated after his death, an oath of ethics taken by medical practitioners
• Ancient Greek Inventions


  • Alarm Clock
  • Watermills
  • Odometer
• Ancient Rome


  • Perceived to be the strongest political (huge population) and social (religion) entity in the west
  • Cradle of politics and governance during the period
• Ancient Roman Inventions


  • Newspaper
  • Bound Books or Codex
  • Roman Architecture
  • Roman Numerals
• Ancient China


  • One of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations of the world
  • Greeks and Romans called them Seres meaning "The land of the Silk"
• Ancient Chinese Inventions

  • Silk Industry
  • Tea production
  • World Famous Great Wall of China
  • Gun Powder
• "The Dark Age" - A lot of wars and deaths
• Johann Gutenberg's "First Printing Press"


  • News could spread much faster for everyone
  • Revolutionized the spread of Knowledge
• Zacharias Janssen


  • Invented the first compound Microscope (circa 1595) made because of sickness occurring in wars
  • Microscope purpose is to know what causes an illness or an infection
  • Used to make medicine
• Galileo Galilei


  • Famous for how he uses the telescope to see and know beyond the earth
• MAJOR BREAKTHROUGHS IN SCIENCE DURING MIDDLE AGE - Advancements in Astronomy and Physics, such as the Heliocentric Model and Laws of Motion
• Modern Age Inventions


  • Pasteurization - Invented by Louis Pasteur, a process of heating cows milk and cooling it to extend shelf-life and being spoilt quickly
  • Petroleum Refinery - Invented by Samuel M. Kier, illuminating oil used for light
  • Telephone - Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1976, older version are used for military purposes and has a one way connection or one number
  • Calculator
• Philippine Inventions


  • Salamander amphibious Tricycle - Invented and Designed by Victor "Atoy" Llave and developed by Dominic N. Chu and Lamberto Armada
  • Salt Lamp by Aisa Mijeno
  • Dra. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011) - "Angel of Santo Tomas". She was the inventor of the Bamboo Incubator. The first woman to be admitted to Harvard Medical School in 1936. She began working with the International Red Cross during World War II. She is the First Lady President of Medical Manila Society, and awarded the Most Outstanding Medical Practitioner in the 21st Century
  • Jeepney - Inspired by American vehicles during World War II
• "The History of Science and Technology Shows us that Progress is not Always Linear, but Rather a Result of Perseverance and Curiosity"
• Geocentric Model


  • Proposed by Claudius Ptolemy
  • All the planes, and the Moon and the Sun revolves around the earth
• Heliocentric Model


  • Solar system meaning sun is the center and where all the planets revolve around
  • Proposed by Nicolas Copernicus an Astronomer