L1 atoms + bonding

• kinetic energy 


  the energy of a moving object, measured in joules (J)
• potential energy


  the energy stored in an object due to its position or shape
• elements essential for life

  carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen (phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, potassium)
• atom is made up of:

  subatomic particles
• subatomic particles


  protons, neutrons, electrons
• atomic mass is measured in

  daltons
• isotopes


  different mass number, same atomic number
• isotope examples


  carbon 13
• metabolism


  sum of all reactions in the body
• anabolism


  constructive metabolism, synthesis of molecules
• catabolism


  destructive metabolism, breakdown of complex molecules
• mass of a proton/neuron (in grams)

  1.66*10^-24vgrams
• compound

  2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
• types of bonds

  covalent, hydrogen, ionic, van der Waal's
• filled orbitals are more stable than unfilled
• unpaired electrons AKA

  valence electrons
• valence electrons interact with other valence electrons to form bonds
• covalent bond strength (in kJ/mole)

  400
• covalent bonds are strong
• polar versus non-polar covalent bonds

  polar: not equal sharing
• hydrogen bond strength (in kJ/mole)


  10-20
• example of hydrogen bonding

  structure of DNA
• ionic bond strength (in kJ/mole)


  700
• ionic bonds form when 2 atoms with different attraction for valence electrons come together
• van der Waal's forces strength (in kJ/mole)

  0.5
• van der Waal's forces have short range
• example of ionic bonds


  salt (NaCl)
• example of van der Waal's forces


  interaction between electron clouds
• atoms prefer a full outer shell
• relative mass of an electron

  1/1840
• relative mass of a proton (and a neutron)

  1
• orbitals are to do with energy levels
• s orbitals are spherical and overlap, so they are not as strong as sp3 orbitals, p orbitals are dumbbell shaped

  
• how many electrons can occupy an orbital

  2
• p orbitals have x, y and z
• glucose is a form of potential energy
• molecular mass of oxygen element is 16
• 25 of the naturally occuring elements are essential for life
• electrons form a cloud around the nucleus
• 1 Dalton= 1 atomic mass unit (amu)