animal anatomy

• Unguligrade foot position

  Horses walk on the tips of their digits
• Plantigrade

  Humans walk with the soles of their feet
• Articular projections of bones

  • Head (round articular projection)
  • Condyle (rounded process at the end of a bone, normally forming an articulation with another bone)
  • Epicondyle (rounded eminence on the bone that lies above a condyle)
  • Trochlea (pulley like structure or arrangement of parts)
• Articular depressions

  • Cavity (concave shallow or deep articular depression)
• Non-articular projections

  • Tuber(osity) (lump or swelling)
  • Spine or crest (sharp ridge)
  • Process (natural appendage or outgrowth)
  • Trochanter (bony protuberance by which muscles are attached)
• Non-articular depressions

  • Fossa (shallow depression or cavity)
  • Foramen (hole in the bone)
• Ulnar fuses to the radius as you go down the thoracic limb in horses
• Regions of the spine

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacrum
  • Caudal

  
• Boney aspects of the spine

  • Spinous process (stick up)
  • Transverse process (stick out)
• Primary bones of the head

  • Frontal
  • Maxillae
  • Pre-maxillae
  • Mandible
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Zygomatic arch

  
• Primary muscles

  • Masseter
  • Temporal
  • Auricular
  • Levator Nasolabialis
  • Buccinator
  • Zygomaticus
  • Caninus
  • Orbicularis oris
• Cavities of the head

  • Cranium (cerebrum, cerebellum)
  • Nasal (turbinate bones, ethmoturbinate bones)
  • Oral (tongue, teeth)
  • Larynx
  • Hyoid apparatus
• Muscles

  Responsible for all movement of the body, three basic types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
• Isotonic

  Muscles shorten and movement occurs
• Isometric

  Tension in muscles increases, no movement occurs
• Muscle shapes

  • Triangular
  • Spindle
  • Flat
  • Circular
• Muscles of the forelimb

  • Trapezius
  • Rhomboideus
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Brachiocephalicus
  • Pectoral muscles
  • Serratus ventralis
• Muscles acting on the hip joint

  • Hamstring muscle (bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
  • Middle gluteus
  • Psoas
  • Iliacus
  • Sartorius
  • Tensor fascia latae
  • Superficial gluteus
  • Deep gluteus
  • Gracilis
  • Pectineus
  • Adductor muscle
  • Internal obturator
  • External obturator
  • Gemelli
• Muscles of the forelimb

  • Deltoid
  • Subscapularis
  • Supraspinatus
  • Teres Major
  • Infraspinatus
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Teres minor
  • Biceps brachii
  • Brachialis
  • Triceps brachii
  • Tensor fasciae antebrachii
  • Anconeous
  • Extensor carpi radialis
  • Common digital extensor
  • Lateral digital extensor
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Ulnaris lateralis
  • Superficial digital flexors
  • Deep digital flexors
• Teral tuberosity of radius

  Shaft of ulna
• Insertion

  Combines with the CDE at proximal metacarpal level
• Function

  Extensors of the carpus and digits
• Flexors

  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor carpi radialis
  • Ulnaris lateralis
• Origin (Ulnaris lateralis)

  Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
• Insertion (Ulnaris lateralis)

  Accessory carpal bone and proximal extremity of lateral splint bone
• Function (Ulnaris lateralis)

  Flexion of the carpal joint and extension of the elbow
• Origin (Superficial digital flexors)

  Medial epicondyle of humerus and ridge of posterior surface of the radius
• Insertion (Superficial digital flexors)

  Proximal end of second phalanx
• Function (Superficial digital flexors)

  Flexion of carpal joint and digit, extension of elbow
• Superior check (accessory) ligament

  Prevents over exsertion
• Origin (Deep digital flexors)

  • Humeral head- medial epicondyle of humerus
  • Radial head- proximal radius
  • Ulnar head- proximal ulnar
• Insertion (Deep digital flexors)

  Joins as one at carpus to insert into the 3rd phalanx
• Function (Deep digital flexors)

  Flexion of carpal joint and digit, extension of elbow
• Inferior check ligament

  Below the carpal bones

  
• Palmer ligaments

  Bone to bone, keep all the structures tight and in place in the lower leg
• Muscles acting on the stifle - Extensors

  • Quadriceps femoris
  • Tensor fascia latae
  • Sartorius
• Origin (Quadriceps femoris)

  4 heads: Rectus femoris (hip flexor) - ilium, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus lateralis
• Origin (Tensor fascia latae)

  Coxal tuber
• Insertion (Tensor fascia latae)

  Lateral femoral fascia
• Muscles acting on the stifle - Flexors

  • Hamstring muscles
  • Popliteus
  • Superficial digital flexor
  • Gastrocnemius