HA

• Other term for head-to-toe assessment is cephalocaudal technique. It is also the commonly used system in physical examination
• Sitting provides full expansion of lungs and provides better visualization of symmetry of upper body part
• Back lying position with leg extended. Most normally relaxed position and provide easy access to pulse sites. Supine
• Dorsal recumbent is back-lying position with knees flexed. Used for abdominal assessment because it promotes relaxation of abdominal muscles
• Lithotomy is back lying position with feet in stirrups. Used for maximal exposure of genitalia
• Sims is a side-lying position
• Prone is face-lying position
• Knee chest or genu-pectoral provides maximal exposure of the rectal area
• Semi-fowlers head of bed is elevated at 15-45 degrees
• High-fowlers head of bead is elevated at 80-90 degrees
• Trendelenburg is for abdominal surgery
• Inspection or visual examination. Always comes first
• Different parts of the hands that is good for palpation: finger pads, grasping action of the fingers and thumb, dorsal, ulnar or palmar
• Light palpation is the type of palpation that should be very little to no depression
• Moderate palpation depress the skin by 1-2 cm
• Deep palpation surface depression is 2.5 cm and 5 cm
• Bimanual palpation is the use of two hands. One hand to apply pressure and one hand to feel the structure
• Percussion involves tapping body parts to produce sound waves
• Resonance; I: Loud P: Low L: Long Q: Hollow. Example sound is the sound of normal lungs
• Hyper-resonance; I: Very loud P: Low L: Long Q: Booming. Examples sounds is lung with emphysema
• Tympany; I: Loud P: High L: Moderate Q: Drumlike. Example sounds is puffed-out cheeks
• Dullness; I: Medium P: Medium L: Moderate Q: Thudlike. Example sounds are diaphragm, pleural effusion and liver
• Flatness; I: Soft P: High L: Short Q: Flat. Example sound are muscle and bomes
• Sequence of method for abdominal assessment is: Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation
• Sequence of examining the abdomen by quadrants is : RLQ, RUQ, LUQ, LLQ
• Best position in examining the chest is sitting/upright position
• History taking precedes physical examination
• General survey consists of: height and weight, vital signs and general appearance and behavior
• Body temperature is the balance between the heat produce and the heat lost from the body
• Core temperature is the temperature of deep tissues. Measure by oral and rectal.
• Surface temperature is the temperature of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and fat. Measured by axillary
• Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR) means younger person, lower temperature and vice versa
• Radiation is transfer of heat from surface of one object without contact
• Conduction is the transfer of heat from one molecule to another
• Convection is the dispersion of heat by air currents
• Evaporation is the continuous vaporization of moisture
• Pyrexia/hyperthermia/fever is the temperature above normal range
• Hyperpyrexia is very high fever. 41 degrees celsius and above
• Hypothermia is subnormal core body temperature
• Intermittent fever alternates at regular intervals