Plants

• Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from the oceans to land?

  Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources.
• According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats

  in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
• The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably

  green algae
• About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on Earth would have

  had non-vascular, green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
• What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

  waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
• Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?

  rise and diversification of angiosperms
• Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had a low, sprawling growth habit?

  The ancestors of land plants, green algae, lacked the structural support to stand erect in air
• Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because spores

  are unicellular; seeds are not
• You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it

  is surrounded by a cuticle
• Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants

  allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
• The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to ________.

  sporopollenin
• According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants?

  some charophytes
• Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

  Plantae
• If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include

  rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes and ability to synthesize sporopollenin
• Which of the following environmental factors probably helped early plants to successfully colonize land?

  an increased availability of symbiotic partners
• A student encounters a pondweed that appears to be a charophyte. Which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?

  structure of sperm cells, presence of phragmoplasts, and rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
• The fact that both charophytes and green plants contain chlorophylls a and b demonstrates which of the following?


  The common ancestor of these two groups contained chlorophylls a and b
• Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate?

  The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions.
• Which of the following statements about the zygotes of plants is most likely to be accurate?

  Protection of the zygote from the drying effects of air was important
• If animals had alternation of generations like plants,

  the products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular
• Which of the following statements about stomata is accurate?

  Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant
• The presence of vascular tissue allowed plants to


  transport nutrients and water from below-ground tissues to above-ground tissues and grow taller
• Bryophytes (non-vascular plants)


  are more similar to ancestral green algae than are vascular plants
• Stomata ________.

  open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
• Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

  They require water for reproduction.
• Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

  They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphereSee an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a

  gametophyte of a moss
• Which of these are spore-producing structures?

  sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
• How are bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

  In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia
• In general, liverworts have a cuticle and pores. However, some species do not have pores


  The cuticle would be thinner than in those species with pores
• Archegonia ________.

  may contain sporophyte embryos
• Which of the following is an accurate statement about plant reproduction?

  Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia
• Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, which of the following sequences describes structures from largest to smallest?

  gametophytes, antheridia, gametes
• Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the life cycle of mosses?

  Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes
• At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make

  sporangia
• The haploid gametophytes of bryophytes are ________.

  usually multicellular, but one cell thick
• If bryophytes do not have vascular tissue, how can some mosses reach 60 centimeters tall

  Some mosses independently evolved conducting tissues
• If you were asked to design a bryophyte that could be successful in a bare, moist area, which of the following possible adaptations would you include?

  a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria
• Moss sporophytes are typically green when young, but turn brown when ready to release their spores. This observation would lead you to think that the ________.

  sporophyte photosynthesizes when young and contributes energy for spore production
• Assuming equal spore production rates, what is the likely consequence in a bryophyte with both asexual and sexual reproduction versus one with only sexual reproduction?


  Species with both types of reproduction have higher population growth rates than species with only sexual reproduction