Chem reviewer

• Most essential organic molecules

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
• Non-living molecules


  The actual foot-soldiers of the battle
• Organic molecules


  • Primary and secondary metabolites
  • Hormones
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
• Protein


  Building blocks: amino acids
• Essential amino acids found in proteins

  • 16
• Cell


  Fundamental unit of all living organisms
• Cell Wall


  • Made of carbohydrates
• Cell Membrane


  • Made out of lipids
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Hydrophobic (water-fearing) and hydrophilic (water-loving)
• Ribosomes


  Site for protein synthesis
• DNA

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Carbohydrates


  Main source of energy
• Carbohydrates


  Macronutrients and are one of the three main ways by which our body obtains its energy
• Carbohydrates


  Composed of CHO
• Carbohydrates


  • Sugars
  • Fibers
  • Starches
• Carbohydrate metabolism


  1. Food -> Converted to glucose

  2. Glycogenolysis - glycogen to glucose

  3. Glycogenesis - glucose to glycogen
• Classification of carbohydrates


  • Simple carbohydrates
  • Complex carbohydrates
• Simple carbohydrates


  • 1 or 2 sugar molecules
  • Molecules are digested and converted quickly resulting in the rise of blood sugar level
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose (natural sweetest sugar)
  • Trioses (3 Carbon)
  • Tetroses (4 Carbon)
  • Pentoses (5 Carbon)
  • Hexoses (6 Carbon)
  • Heptoses (7 Carbon)
• Monosaccharides


  • D-Glyceraldehyde-hydroxy (right)
  • L-Glyceraldehyde-hydroxy (left)
• Disaccharides


  Two monosaccharides combine
• Lactose


  Sugar found in milk and milk products like cheese and ice cream
• Lactose Intolerance


  Lactose malabsorption
• Sucrose


  • Simply the chemical name for sugar
  • Used in foods and soft drinks as a sweetener
  • Artificial sweetest sugar
• Maltose


  • Maltobiose/malt sugar
  • Disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined within a bond between glucose units
• High-maltose Corn Syrup


  May be harmful if consumed in excess, leads to obesity, diabetes, heart disease
• Oligosaccharides


  Carbohydrates formed by the condensation of 2-a monomers
• Complex carbohydrates


  • 2 or more sugar molecules, hence they are referred to as starchy foods
  • Molecules are digested and converted slowly compared to simple carbohydrates
• Polysaccharides


  • Monomer + monomer = polymer
  • Formed by the polymerization of a large number of monomers
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose (fiber)
• Starch


  Amylose (linear structure) and Amylopectin (branched structure)
• Glycogen


  Animal starch, the stored form of glucose
• Cellulose


  Main structural component of the plant cell wall, linear polymer, processed to produce papers and fibers
• Functions of carbohydrates


  • Provide energy and food to the body
  • Involved in fat metabolism and prevents ketosis (burns fats for energy)
  • Inhibits the breakdown of proteins for energy
  • Amylase assists in the breakdown of starch into glucose, to produce energy for metabolism
• Metabolism


  • Converting nutrients from the food you eat into fuel
  • Provide your body with the energy it needs to breathe, move, digest food, circulate blood, repair damaged cells and tissues
• High Metabolism

  High Digestion
• How to speed up metabolism

  • Eat plenty of protein every meal (less carbs)
  • Do a high-intensity workout
  • Burn fat and build muscle
  • Lift heavy things
  • Stand up more
  • Drink Green tea or Oolong Tea
  • Eat Spicy foods
  • Good sleep
  • Drink Coffee
• Proteins


  Composed of amino acids that are arranged into different groups
• Essential amino acids


  • 20
• Proteins


  • Building blocks of life
  • Used as energy source by the body
• Functions of proteins


  • Break down food
  • Grow
  • Repair body tissue
  • Perform other body functions