coy-fluids-and electrolytes

• Electrolytes


  Some are inversely proportional (opposite relationship), some are directly proportional (same relationship)
• Body Fluid Compartments


  • Intracellular fluid compartment (ICF)
  • Extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Intravascular fluid or plasma
  • Transcellular fluid
• Infants - 80% of the body is water
• Males - 60% of the body weight is water, making them more masculine than females
• Females - 50% of body weight is water
• Functions of water


  • Maintains blood volume (ECF)
  • Transports gases, nutrients and other substances to the cells (ECF)
  • Promotes cellular chemical function (ICF)
  • Maintains normal body temperature (ICF)
  • Eliminates waste products from the cells (ICF)
• Functions of Electrolytes


  • Promote neuromuscular irritability
  • Maintain body fluid volume and osmolality (concentration)
  • Distribute body water between fluid compartments
  • Regulate acid base balance
• Examples of electrolytes


  • sodium
  • potassium
  • magnesium
• Normal values for electrolytes vary from hospital to hospital
• Normal Values for Electrolytes


  • Sodium (Na): 135 - 145 mEq/L
  • Potassium (K): 3.5 - 5 mEq/L
  • Calcium (Ca): 4.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
  • Phosphate (HPO4): 1.7 - 2.6 mEq/L
  • Chloride (Cl): 98-108 mEq/L
  • Magnesium (Mg): 1.5 - 2.5 mEq/L
• Internal Regulation of Body Water & Electrolytes

  • Sodium and water regulation
  • Potassium Regulation
  • Calcium Regulation
• Thirst


  Major control of actual fluid intake
• Kidneys


  Major organs controlling the output
• ADH (anti diuretic hormone)


  Regulates sodium and water
• RAAS (renin angiotensin aldosterone system)


  Regulates sodium and water
• Aldosterone


  Retains sodium and excretes potassium
• Alkalosis


  Increases potassium excretion (hypokalemia)
• Alkalosis

  Decreases potassium excretion (hyperkalemia)
• Sodium


  Inverse relationship with potassium
• Potassium (K)


  Major cation in the ICF, necessary for nerve impulse conduction and muscle activity
• Parathormone (parathyroid hormone)


  Regulates calcium levels
• Thyrocalcitonin


  Regulates calcium levels
• Vitamin D


  Promotes calcium absorption from GIT
• Calcium


  Inverse relationship with phosphorus
• Passive transport


  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
• Hydrostatic pressure


  Caused by the blood pressing against the walls of blood vessels (pushing force)
• Colloid Osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)


  Pressure needed to overcome the pull of proteins (CHON), which pull/absorb fluid from the interstitial space
• Types of Solutions

  • Hypertonic Solution (higher concentration than body fluids)
  • Isotonic Solution (same concentration as body fluids)
  • Hypotonic Solution (lower concentration than body fluids)
• Potassium is the abundant electrolyte found inside the cell
• Sodium is found outside the cell
• Sodium Imbalances


  • Hyponatremia (sodium deficit)
  • Hypernatremia (sodium excess/edema)
• Hyponatremia


  Increases ICF volume, cells swell
• Hypernatremia


  Decreases ICF volume, cells shrink
• Potassium Imbalances


  • Hypokalemia (potassium deficit)
  • Hyperkalemia (potassium excess)
• Hypokalemia


  Decreased neuromuscular irritability, everything is low and slow
• Hyperkalemia


  Increased neuromuscular activity, everything is high and fast
• Calcium Imbalances


  • Hypocalcemia (calcium deficit)
  • Hypercalcemia (calcium excess)
• Hypocalcemia


  Increased cell membrane permeability, increased neuromuscular irritability, everything is high and fast
• Hypercalcemia


  Decreased cell membrane permeability, decreased neuromuscular irritability, everything is low and slow
• Magnesium Imbalances


  • Hypomagnesemia (magnesium deficit)
  • Hypermagnesemia (magnesium excess)