MATH

• Data science is the study of data to extract

  meaningful insights for business. It is a

  multidisciplinary approach that combines

  principles and practices from the fields of

  mathematics, statistics, artificial intelligence, and

  computer engineering to analyze large amounts of

  data.
• Data Collection- is the process of gathering and

  measuring information on variables of interest in an

  established system , which then enables one to answer

  stated research questions and evaluate outcomes.
• Two formats for presenting data sets: Ungrouped data and Grouped data
• Ungrouped data which is an explicit listing of all the

  individual data points.
• Grouped data which data are clustered into classes and

  are represented in frequencies.
• There are five Common ways of presenting data:

  Frequency Table

  Cumulative Frequency Table

  Relative Frequency Table

  Stem and Leaf Diagram

  Histogram
• Frequency Table - common way to present data in tabular form in which each distinct value x is listed id the first row or column and its frequency f in the second row or column. frequency is the number of times the value x appears in the data set.
• Cumulative Frequency is the number of times a

  data value occurs that is above or below a certain

  data value within the data set.
• Relative Frequency refers to the percentage of a data set

  that each specific data value appears within the data. In other

  words, determines the portion of the data set consisting of

  each of the individual data values. It can be written as

  fractions, decimals, or percent.
• Stem and Leaf Diagram - It is a special table where each data value is split into a

  "stem" (the first digit or digits) and a "leaf" (usually the last

  digit).

  It is a way to arrange and represent data so that it is simple

  to see how frequently various data values occur.
• Histogram

  It is a graphical display of data using bars of different

  height.

  It is often described as a bar graph of the frequency.
• A measure of central tendency is a descriptive statistic

  that describes the average, or typical value of a set of

  scores.

  There are three common measures of central tendency:

  the mean

  the median

  the mode
• Ungrouped Data Mean- The mean is also known as the average, and it is calculated by

  adding up all the values in a data set and dividing by the total number of

  values.
• Ungrouped Data Median- The median is the middle value of a data set, which separates

  the highest and lowest values equally. It is calculated by arranging the

  data set in order from lowest to highest and finding the value in the

  exact middle.
• Ungrouped Data Mode- The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set.
• Grouped Data Mean - the mean or average of observations is the sum of the values of all the observations divided by the total number of observations.
• grouped Median -
• grouped mode - it is that value of a variety that occurs most often. More precisely, the mode is the value of the valuable at which the concentration of the data is maximum.
• Modal Class - In a frequency distribution, the class having the maximum frequency is called the modal class.