communication

• Communication

  Delivering a message from the sender to the receiver
• Communication process

  1. Sender

  2. Message

  3. Media

  4. Receiver

  5. Feedback
• Types of communication


  • One-way
  • Two-way
  • Internal
  • External
  • Horizontal
  • Vertical
  • Verbal
  • Written
  • Visual
  • Formal
  • Informal
• One-way communication

  No feedback
• Two-way communication

  Feedback is sent both ways
• Internal communication

  Happens within the organization
• External communication

  Between organization and stakeholders outside the organization
• Horizontal communication

  Communication within the same level of the organizational hierarchy
• Vertical communication

  Communication across different levels of the organizational hierarchy
• Verbal communication

  What is said
• Written communication

  What is written
• Visual communication

  What is drawn or shown
• Formal communication

  Goes through official channels, recorded, used for decision-making and announcements, usually vertical
• Informal communication

  Goes through unofficial channels, not necessarily recorded, cannot be used as evidence, usually horizontal
• Communication can be described using different categories at the same time
• Causes of communication barriers


  • Error in communication process
  • Conflict
  • Change
  • Mergers and acquisitions
  • Cultural clash
• Overcoming communication barriers caused by error in communication process

  Identify the wrong element and fix it
• Overcoming communication barriers caused by other factors

  1. Use change theory

  2. Adjust leadership style

  3. Understand cultural differences

  4. Use force field analysis