Own questions

• The 19th Century was characterized by several transformative events: 


  Industrial Revolution

  Political Revolution
• Enlightenment - a philosophical movement that emphasized reason and the importance of individual freedom.
• 19th Century - Birth of Modernity
• Monarchy - Democracy
• Feudalism - Capitalism
• Passively-Accepting - Reform-Minded
• Manual Labor - Machine-based production
• Political revolutions - American Revolution and French Revolution
• Late 18th century revolutions - Paved the way for new forms of governance based on individual rights, nationalism, and freedom.
• Economic Condition of Spain - was dwindling
• Trade was already apparent in the Philippines before the arrival of Spain
• Acapulco-Manila Trade also known as the Galleon Trade
• Cigarreras - women employed in cigar factories
• Wealthy mestizos and members of the principalia continued to amass economic and cultural capital.

  • Which availed opportunities to obtain higher degrees of education not only in the Philippines but also in Europe
• Chino infiel - Non-catholic pure blooded Chinese
• Indio - pure-blooded native of the Philippines
• Principalia - wealthy pure-blooded native supposedly descended from the kadatoan class
• Mestizo - Born of mixed parentage, a mestizo can be a Spanish Mestizo

  Chinese Mestizo
• Peninsular - pure-blooded Spaniard in the Iberian Peninsula
• Insular - pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Philippines
• Continuous movement of people made tax collection difficult, 1849 decree of Governor General Narciso Claveria urged people to adopt surnames. Catalogo de Apellidos assigned surnames to people and forbade changing names at will. Registration and possession of a cedula personal - bearing one’s name and residence.

  Guardia civil was established.
• Increased rate of internal migration raised several concerns - issues in living quarters, sanitation and public health and the increase in criminality.
• Economic developments precipitated social, political, and cultural developments. 

  • Demanded a more literate population to address the rising need for a more professionalized workforce to man the trading activities in Manila.
  • Compelled the issuance of the Colonial Government Order in 1836 - required all towns to set up primary schools to teach the population how to read and write.
  • Led to the passage of an education decree in 1863 that mandated free primary education.
  • Birth of schools like Ateneo Municipal
  • Allowed the government to intensify bureaucratization and to streamline colonial governance
• Led to the passage of an education decree in 1863 that mandated free primary education.
• • Compelled the issuance of the Colonial Government Order in 1836 - required all towns to set up primary schools to teach the population how to read and write.
• Chinese mestizos influenced the changing economy by purchasing land, accumulating wealth and influence.
• Sangley or Chinese, were considered “necessary outsiders” in the Philippine colonial economy and society.

  Important in the sustenance of the economy - from the goods loaded on the galleon to the development of retail.
• The influx of Chinese settlements in the Philippines made the Spanish suspicious of the Chinese. This led to the stringent state policies against sangley - higher taxes, restriction of movement with the establishment of the Parian, to actual policies of expulsion.
• This led to more pressure on farmers while hacenderos grabbed the opportunity via pacto de retrtoventa - this buried farmers to indebtedness and were then forced to become tenant farmers or kasama.

  Inquilinos emerged.
• 1st HALF of the 19th century;

  • Rapid development of the economy
  • Majority of the exports of the Philippines came from cash crops like tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, abaca and coffee.
  • Cash crops became the major source of revenue
• 1834

  • Manila was opened to world trade 
  • Foreign merchants and traders, British and American took over the role of financing and facilitating the burgeoning agricultural cash crop, export-oriented economy. 
  • Set up merchant houses
• 1810 Mexican War of Independence

  • Led to the end of the Galleon Trade
  • Policies were recalibrated and the eventual closing of the Royal Philippine Company
• Rapid industrialization of the imperial powers in Europe and the West

  Increased demand for raw materials
• Agricultural potential


  The ability of land to produce agricultural products
• Royal Philippine Company


  Company established by Basco to finance agricultural projects and manage new trade
• The catholic church was not receptive


  Of the labor realignments entail by the planned reforms
• Traders were also holding on

  To the Galleon Trade
• The Royal Philippine Company


  • Fraught with issues of mismanagement and corruption
• Basco lifted ban on Chinese merchants

  Reinvigorated internal trade
• Tobacco Monopoly


  Established to maximize the production of this export good