Science- Digestive system

• digestive system- responsible for breaking down the food mechanically and chemically to convert complex molecules into smaller simplest units (digestion)
• Mechanical digestion- food is broken down into smaller pieces through chewing, grinding, squeezing, and tearing.
• Chemical digestion- carried out by enzyme molecules that speed up the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
• Ingestion- the journey of taking food or any substance into the body through the mouth.
• Digestion- the process that involves break down of large food molecules into smaller molecules for easy absorption of the cells both chemical and mechanical digestions.
• Mouth- while the food is in the mouth, the teeth cut, crush, and break it apart into tiny pieces while the tongue helps mix food with saliva secreted by the salivary glands forming into a moist-ball called bolus so it can be easily swallowed.
• Absorption- is the process of passing the soluble food molecules in the wall of the small intestine through the villi.
• assimilation- the movement of digested food nutrients into the blood vessels of the small intestine through diffusion and use of nutrients into the body cells through the microvilli.
• Egestion- the release of undigested food collected in the rectum called feces and pushed out of the body through the anus by defecation.
• Bolus- a mix food with saliva secreted by the salivary glands forming into a moist-ball called bolus
• stomach- a J-shaped, bag-like muscular organ that can hold approximately 1 liter of fluid and food.
• Liver- produces bile, a green fluid that turns large droplets into smaller ones and stores them in the gall bladder. - the biggest organ inside the body with a mass of about two kilograms.
• Chyme- a semifluid material formed from bolus that is acted upon by the gastric juices secreted by the stomach
• Gall bladder- a small pear-shaped sac that can hold about 50 ml of bile.
• Bile- a green fluid that turns large fat droplets into smaller ones and stores them in the gall-bladder.
• Enzymes- a catalyst that can speed up the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
• Sugar, amino acid, fatty acid

  Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars

  Protein are broken down into amino acid

  and lastly, Fats are broken down into Fatty acids
• small intestine- is an organ that breaks down food further into substances, such as glucose, that can be absorbed by the villi.
• large intestine- this is where reabsorption of liquid, electrolytes and some vitamins from the undigested food takes place. it secretes mucus to aid in the formation of feces and maintains alkaline condition.
• Iron deficiency- this happens when there is insufficient iron in the body, it is also called anemia
• Zinc deficiency- occurs when the body does not receive adequate amount of zinc to sustain its function. this leads to appetite loss and poor immune system.
• Peptic ulcer- refers to the painful sores inside the lining of the stomach or in the upper part of the small intestine.
• Prevention of digestive diseases

  1. Drink lots of water- water helps cleanse the entire digestive system

  2. Maintain healthy diet-

  being aware of the food you eat plays an essential rile to have a healthy digestive system. 3. eat mindfully- paying attention on eating the food slowly chewing and eating it.

  4. exercise regularly- this promotes healthy digestion.

  5. stay away from bad habits- for example: smoking, drinking alcohol, and late night eating can make our body unhealthy as well.
• Interphase- is the interval between two cell division during the stage.
• Cell cycle- the chromosomes of the cell change their form as they ¹undergo cell transition from one stage to another in a typical cell cycle
• G1 phase, synthesis stage, G2 phase

  In the G1 phase, there is cellular content duplication, and growth

  Except: chromosomes.

  from the synthesis stage, this is where dna replication takes place.

  lastly G2, this is where the cell also rapidly grows and prepare itself for mitosis.
• synapsis- each chromosome pairs up and binds to it's corresponding homologous chromosome forming a tetrad.
• Meiosis- A type of cell division that produces gametes
• Mitosis- is a part of cell cycle that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells
• cytokinesis- the division of two cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
• prophase- this is where the chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane breaks down
• metaphase- chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
• anaphase- sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell
• telophase- the nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes are pulled to the opposite poles