Volcanoes, Climate, and Stars.

• According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), the Philippines sits on a unique tectonic setting ideal for volcanism and earthquake because it is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire at the two boundaries of two tectonic plates—the Philippines Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
• Volcanism -refers to any phenomenon of eruption of molten lava onto the surface, whetherfrom a tall volcano or simply from magma that rises through a crack on a planet’slithosphere.
• Volcano-a hill, mountain, or fissure from which molten rocks, hot gases, and ash are ejected
• Hill- A natural mound of earth created either by faulting or erosion.-” A bump in the landscape’’- Lower altitude and elevation, with a rounded top.- Often unnamed.
• Mountain -A natural mound of earth created by faulting- A steep rise in the landscape- Higher altitude and elevation with a defi ned summit or peak.- often named
• A mountain is built by two plates at a convergent boundary
• A volcano is built through the build-up of molten lava cooling and hardening
• Crater -a funnel-shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of explosive eruption
• Caldera -a volcanic crater that is formed when a part of the wall of the crater collapses following an explosive eruption
• Magma -comes out of a vent -molten rocks inside the earth
• Lava -magma that has been ejected out of a volcano
• Classifications of Volcanoes: Type of Activity, Structure/Shape, Type of Eruption.
• Active - Erupted within the last 600 years and with records of eruption within the last 10,000 years. Erupted recently
• Dormant - No records of eruption over the last 2,000 years but may erupt at a future time
• Extinct - No records of eruption over the last 10,000 years. No capacity to erupt in the future. Unlikely to erupt again and is dead
• Inactive Volcanoes - 300
• Potentially Active Volcanoes - 25
• Active Volcanoes - 24
• Cinder - formed by violent eruptions that release small fragments of lava into the air-Most cinder cone volcanoes have a bowl-shaped crater at the peak
• Shield - large, broad volcanoes that look similar to shields- When the magma reaches the surface, it flows out gently around a central opening. These flows go in all directions, creating a broad, flat, domical shape that resembles a warrior’s shield.
• . Composite -large, typically steep-sided, cone-shaped, and composed of hardened layers of lava and ash, cinders, and rock fragments.-It has a conduit system through which magma from deep beneath rises to the surface.-The volcano increases in size by the accumulation of materials erupted through the conduit on its slopes
• Dome - They have smaller steeper sides than stratovolcanoes, and they have a dome-shaped mass within the crater.
• Caldera -large depressions due to the withdrawal of magma from beneath the volcano. The diameter of the crater of these volcanoes is much larger than the other types, spanning many tens of kilometers across.
• Explosive - Less common but more destructive, produces clouds of hot ash, gas, and rock fragments, Does not produce lava flows
• Effusive - A.K.A quiet or nonexplosive eruption, the Most common type of eruption, produces calm lava flow and releases huge amounts of lava but less ash and dust.
• Type of Eruption Phreatic Vulcanian Strombolian Pelean Phreatomagmatic Plinian
• Phreatic is a steam-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. Characteristics - Steam-driven explosion without magma involvement, sudden release of steam and volcanic gases
• Vulcanian -characterized by tall eruptions that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra. Explosive eruption with moderate magma viscosity, ejection of ash, lava fragments, and gases.
• Strombolian is a period of weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava. - Mild explosive eruption with lava fountaining, regular bursts of lava, and volcanic projectiles.
• Pelean -associated with explosive outbursts that generate pyroclastic flows and dense mixtures of hot volcanic fragments. Highly explosive eruption with pyroclastic flows, formation of destructive pyroclastic flows.
• Phreatomagmatic is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. Explosive eruption resulting from magma-water interaction. A mixture of steam, ash, and volcanic fragments.
• Plinian -an excessive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics, Extremely explosive eruption with towering eruption column, formation of large ash clouds and pyroclastic flows
• Weather - -refers to the short-term variations in atmospheric phenomena that interact with and affect the environment and living things on Earth.
• Climate - -describes the average weather conditions over a long period of time.
• EQUATOR - Imaginary line around the middle of a planet that separates north from south. The equator gets the most direct sunlight year-round as it is near to the ecliptic.
• ECLIPTIC - Path of the sun around the planet/earth
• Solstice - Two points on the ecliptic with the greatest distance from the celestial equator.
• Summer solstice - (Near June 21) Sun is in the northernmost position or at its highest in the sky (Hot). During this solstice, days are the longest.
• Winter solstice - (Near December 21) Sun is in the southernmost position or at its lowest in the sky (Cold). The day is the shortest.
• Equinox - Two points where the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator therefore day and night are at an equal duration.