4th Quarter

• Research Design - refers to a plan that provides the appropriate methods and procedures on the data collected and analysis in research to efficiently and substantially answer the research problem.
• Credibility - a criterion in trustworthiness of a qualitative research design that measures the plausibility or observability of a result of the study.
• Conformability - a criterion in trustworthiness of a qualitative research design that measures the neutrality of the study on how much the findings are from the personal bias of the researcher.
• Dependability - a criterion in trustworthiness of a qualitative research design that determine if a study can be replicated.
• Transferability - a criterion in trustworthiness of a qualitative research study that determines the applicability and generalizability of the results and findings in your study.
• Observations - one of the types of data required in qualitative study that contains the descriptions and insights about a group of people, a place, or an event within a span of time as observed by the researcher.
• Formal interviews - an interview method that requires both the interviewer and interviewee to be in a scheduled time and place.
• Documents - one of the types of data required in a qualitative study that contains a medium like a legal document, journal, letters, diaries, memos, records, or accomplished forms about a phenomenon or experience.
• Unstructured interview - one of the types of data gathering methods that aims to conduct an interview in a set schedule and venue, guided by an idea about the topic and the plan on how to go about it.
• Observation method - one of the types of data gathering methods in qualitative research that is systematically way of gathering useful firsthand data and information about people, event, and place.
• Describing - one of the steps in DATA ANALYSIS in a qualitative study that details a description of what the sentence or paragraph is trying to say based on the context of the respondents.
• Classifying - one of the steps in DATA ANALYSIS in a qualitative study that starts with coding or putting on the description made.
• Reflexivity or Bracketing - an attitude of systematically engaging in critical reflection of the self, personal values, biases, preference, and preconception that could possibly affect the interpretation or giving meaning to the data of the study.
• Themes - the general pattern in Qualitative Data Analysis that allows the data to reveal the lead patterns that can be pursued until the structure of the experience is fully revealed; gives direction.
• Data management - one of the steps in DATA ANALYSIS in a qualitative study that voluminously gathered data from different sources like interviews, pictures, documents, electronic data and the like will be cleaned.
• Bibliography - refers to the listing of reference that are used in the preparation but not necessarily cited in the research paper.
• Alignment - refers to the synthesis of the research study which has a good appreciation of the rigor of the study and to trace how the problems are addressed and answered.
• Recommendation - draws directly from the conclusions and is what connects the research paper from the outside world.
• Conclusion - responsible for maintaining the alignment that is inferred directly from the findings of the study and is not based on what is implied but rather fully supported by the data.
• CRITERIA FOR TRUSTWORTHINESS: Credibility, Transferability, Dependability
• Common Types of Qualitative Research Methods and their Applications in various disciplines: Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, Ethnography
• Sampling plan - a part of methodology which provides the details as to who, how many, and how samples are determined in the study.
• THINGS TO PREPARE IN ACHIEVING RIGOR: 1. Identify the types of data needed in the study. 2. Identify the gatekeeper in the study. 3. Prepare Informed Consent Form.
• TYPES OF TRIANGULATION IN DATA ANALYSIS: Data Triangulation, Investigator Triangulation, Theory Triangulation
• STRATEGIES IN CRITERIA FOR TRUSTWORTHINESS OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: Prolonged engagement, Persistent observation, Thick or Rich Description
• Steps in doing Descriptive Phenomenology: 1. Familiarize with the phenomenon as lived by reading the data repeatedly. 2. Look out for students that are significant. 3. Label the significant statements on themes and describe what each means.
• Types of DATA required in a Qualitative Study: Observations, Documents, Audio-visual and electronic data
• Steps in conducting a Formal Interview: 1. Make the proper preparation. 2. Familiarize yourself with the questions. 3. Memorize at least the first two questions. 4. Dress professionally.
• Steps in conducting observations in Qualitative Study: 1. Determine the site and establish initial rapport. Identify the gatekeepers. 2. Gradually, make yourself visible in the area and start writing notes. 3. With the initial data available and with the help of the gatekeepers, identify as to who, what, when, and how long the observation will be.
• Tips that can be a help to write a research paper in writing recommendation: 1. must be based on the conclusions and not from any source. 2. must be feasible and doable. The potential side of the recommendation must be emphasized to truly make an impact. 3. can be about policy change, further research application in specific context recreation of programs, innovations and inventions.
• List of reference - refers to the materials that are cited in the research paper.
• Recommendation - is drawn directly from the conclusions
• Importance of Report in Data Analysis:

  • Presentation of Data
  • Presentation and discussion of themes or categories
  • Presentation of the essence of the phenomenon or the theory
• Focus Group Discussion (FGD) - a data gathering method including a group of individuals who share some community required by the study
• Focus Group Discussion (FGD) - is founded on the belief that group dynamics can be used to clarify knowledge shared by a group of people
• Types of Questions for Focus Group Discussions:

  • Opening Question
  • Probe Question
  • Exit Question
• Major Data Gathering Methods in Qualitative Research:

  • Observation Method
  • Interview Method
  • Focus Group Discussion
• STEPS IN CONDUCTING A DOCUMENT REVIEW:

  1. Assess the available documents. Check if they are of use to the study.
  2. Find out how to access the documents. Formal request may be required.
  3. Gather only relevant documents. Compile documents that only answer the research question/evaluation.
• STEPS IN DATA COLLECTION USING AVE:

  1. Assess the available AVE. Find out which AVE material can contribute or facilitate data collection.
  2. Access the AVE materials. Check how to assess AVE materials.
  3. Maintain confidentiality. Make sure that no name or identity of any person is included in the process and reporting of the study's result.