Bio

• Reproduction


  Production of an offspring biologically/genetically similar to the parent
• Types of reproduction

  • Sexual
  • Asexual
• Asexual reproduction (plants)


  • Produces identical offspring from a single parent plant
  • Eliminates genetic recombination
• Human reproduction process


  1. Ovulation

  2. Fertilization and implantation

  3. Embryonic development

  4. Fetal development

  5. Birth (Partuition)
• Vegetative reproduction


  Vegetative organs of plants are modified to carry out reproductive functions
• Vegetative reproductive structures

  • Rhizome
  • Tuber
  • Corn
  • Bulb
• Artificial plant propagation


  A type of reproduction that involves human intervention
• Artificial plant propagation methods

  • Cutting
  • Budding/Grafting
  • Tissue culture
• Stages of sexual plant reproduction

  1. Pollination

  2. Fertilization

  3. Seed dispersal

  4. Germination
• Types of animal reproduction

  • Asexual
  • Sexual
• Stages of sexual animal reproduction

  1. Gametogenesis

  2. Spawning/Mating

  3. Fertilization

  4. Embryogenesis
• Parthenogenesis


  An egg can become an embryo without being fertilized by sperm
• Chromosome


  Found in the nucleus of most cells, consists of long DNA strands
• Gene


  Short section of DNA that has the genetic code for a particular protein
• DNA


  Complex molecules that code for the characteristics of living things
• Genetic examples


  • Monohybrid cross
  • Dihybrid cross
• Genetically modified organism (GMO)


  Organism whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology
• Examples of GMOs


  • Flavr Savr tomato
• Non-Mendelian inheritance


  Inheritance patterns that do not follow Mendel's laws
• Linnean system of classification


  Seven-hierarchical system proposed by Carl von Linne to classify organisms based on their form and structure
• Binomial nomenclature


  System of assigning specific names to a species consisting of a genus name and a specific identifier/epithet
• Systematics


  Modern approach to taxonomy that combines taxonomy and phylogenetics to analyze diversity based on natural relationships
• Genome


  The set of all genes found in a cell responsible for the characteristics of an individual
• Trait


  Observable characteristics or features of an organism
• Variation


  Differences in traits between individuals of the same species
• Gregor Johann Mendel


  Father of modern genetics
• Monohybrid crossing


  Crossing individuals that differ in a single trait
• Punnett square


  Tool used to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a particular cross
• Codominance


  When two different alleles are both expressed in the phenotype
• Multiple alleles


  When more than two alleles exist for a single trait
• Phenotype


  Observable traits or characteristics of an organism
• Genotype


  Genetic makeup of an organism, can be homozygous or heterozygous
• Blood type inheritance


  Determined by codominant alleles A and B, and recessive allele O
• Polygenic traits


  Traits influenced by multiple genes
• Oviparity


  Reproduction where eggs are laid and hatch externally
• Ovoviviparity


  Reproduction where eggs hatch internally before birth
• Viviparity


  Reproduction where offspring develop internally and are born alive
• Spermatogenesis


  Production of sperm in the testes
• Oogenesis


  Production of eggs in the ovaries
• Law of segregation


  During gamete formation, the paired unit factors of a single trait segregate randomly