CONTEMP • WEEK 8

• Globalization

  The continuation of internationalization processes
• Shishkov Globalization represents a new, advanced development stage of the well-known internationalization process.
• Zagladin (2002): 'By globalization, we should understand a new stage of world development which is characterized by sharp internationalization rates acceleration in all public life
• Osadchaya (2002): 'Globalization is the next stage of internationalization based on the development of information technology'
• Internationalization


  The process that assumes "action combination of several subjects of the world economy and the policy of the general tasks, purposes, activities"
• Internationalization as a phenomenon should appear early in history while forming social and territorial structures (cities, constitutional states, etc.)
• Internationalization


  Its main function is to provide stable international relations in the real world
• The term "globalization" is used to characterize planetary-scale processes in the fields of economics, politics, culture, ecology, and other spheres of the world community that have a common nature
• Pirnuta 'Regionalization constitutes a result, that is, a means of protection against globalization'
• Regionalization


  Becomes a tool that can be used to overcome the difficulties due to national states' small size
• Regionalization


  A concept generally used in geography and systematization within several years to reveal various regional-level features
• After the Second "Cold War" the regionalization concept was beyond this framework
• Regionalism


  Inseparably linked with political goals, cultural values, and historical aspects
• Regionalization


  Used to investigate the nature of regional cooperation as a response to globalization trends.
• Political Challenge of Regionalism


  • Infused with political struggle
  • Regional interests are sometimes contrary to local or national interests, thereby creating winners and losers and conflict
  • A region typically needs more loyal constituents than their localities or other communities of interest
  • Even among regionalists, people have differing views over the core values and strategies of regional action
• Governance Challenge of Regionalism


  • Regions in the United States lack a polity (multipurpose entity authorized and empowered to function and represent the metropolitan public good)
  • No executive, no legislature, no constitution, no by laws, no public hearings, and no place for the buck to stop, unlike states, cities, and towns in regional organizations
• Empirical Challenge of Regionalism


  • Impacts of regionalism are still uncertain
  • Societies are understandably cautious about abandoning the status quo for the unproven or insufficient benefits of a new regionalist order
  • Until regionalism impacts become universally known, the appropriate regional path will remain uncertain
• Philosophical Challenge Regionalism faces ideological differences and contradictions, like the classic dilemma of a diverse and democratic society: how to realize the common good while safeguarding Individual freedoms.
• The governance challenge of regionalism is that regions in the US lack a polity. There is no executive, no legislature, no constitution, no bylaws, no public hearings, and no place for the buck to stop, unlike states, cities, and towns in regional organizations.
• The empirical challenge of regionalism is that the impacts of regionalism are still uncertain. Societies are understandably cautious about abandoning the status quo for the unproven or insufficient benefits of a new regionalist order until regionalism's impact becomes universally known, the appropriate regional path will remain uncertain.
• The Political challenge of regionalism is infused with political struggles. Regions often need more loyal constituents than their localities or other communities of interest. Even among regionalists, there are different views on the core values and strategies of regional actions.
• The philosophical challenge of regionalism is that it faces ideological differences and contradictions, such as the classic dilemma of a diverse and democratic society: how to realize the common good while safeguarding individual freedoms.
• Regionalism has been defined by its proponents as "a process whereby people living within a particular geographic area work together voluntarily to achieve shared goals."
• In studying the trade integration of fifteen Asian and Oceanic economies, we identified a common factor driving the degree of trade integration of the selected economies
• Factors leading the Asian Region into greater integration

  • Trade
  • Similar culture
  • Shared goals
• Trade


  The world economy is intertwined and interdependent with each other. Global trade facilitates and harmonizes the exchanges of goods and services between countries in the world.
• Similar culture


  The cultures of Asia are diverse, but they share many similarities. This phenomenon makes integrations an easier fit during times of negotiations.
• Shared goals


  The Asian region recognizes the mutual benefit of slow integration. The territories involved have common interests and are close to each other. The workforce of its population can serve as a powerful negotiating block against those from other parts of the world.
• ASEAN


  A 10-membered regional organization that promotes cooperation and facilitates cultural, educational, security, political, and economic integration among Southeast Asian member states
• ASEAN's combined population is nearly 640 million people, with a combined gross domestic product of $2.57 trillion
• ASEAN held its first summit in Bali, Indonesia, to discuss the ramifications of the communist victory in Vietnam


  1976
• At the 1976 summit


  The founding members agreed to prioritize regional economic cooperation on the ASEAN agenda
• Economic initiatives adopted by ASEAN in 1977

  • Preferential Trading Arrangement
  • ASEAN Industrial Projects
  • ASEAN Industrial Joint Venture
• Treaty of Amity and Cooperation


  A treaty ratified by ASEAN states that stipulated signatory members must not use violence against other signatory members
• The ASEAN Free Trade Area proposal was presented at a summit held in Singapore, planned to be created within 15 years


  1992
• All ASEAN member states signed the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon Free Zone

  1995
• ASEAN members signed the Hanoi Declaration, which intended to narrow the development gap for closer economic integration in Southeast Asia


  2001
• The Hanoi Declaration became the basis for the Initiative for ASEAN Integration
• Security concerns tackled by ASEAN

  • Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism (2001-2002)
  • ASEAN-China Agreement on the Spratly Islands (2001-2002)
  • ASEAN-US Joint Declaration for Cooperation to Combat International Terrorism (2001-2002)
• Other societal issues tackled by ASEAN

  • Transnational criminality
  • Immigration
  • Environmental issues (e.g. forest fire hazard)