Ethics

• Philosophy


  Coined by Pythagoras, a Greek Philosopher. Came from Greek words "philos"- love and "sophia"- wisdom
• Three classifications of love

  • Eros – passionate/intense love for something, sexual desire
  • Agape – love of God for men
  • Philia – love that seeks truth/appreciation of the other, of person or of reality
• Philosophy


  The love that devotes itself in attaining what is true of reality, like a lover aspiring and upon possessing clenches it in the heart that which is so precious, the truth
• Philosophy


  Human's attempt to think most speculatively reflectively, and systematically about the universe and their relationship to that universe
• Philosophy


  Evaluates the totality of the human experience. It does not create nor invent to discover new facts but instead, takes an in-depth and comprehensive view about the given ideas, facts, or events
• Philosophy


  An examination of life upon which one will formulate a fundamental principle as a standard for a more organized ideas where human life and experience is based upon
• Philosophy


  A study that seeks to understand the mysteries of existence and reality
• Three classifications of men during the time of Pythagoras

  • The lovers of pleasure
  • The lovers of success
  • The lovers of wisdom
• The lovers of wisdom


  The most superior of all for it pertains to the human endeavour of seeking the truth for its own sake, hence attaining wisdom
• Other essential definition of philosophy

  • Search for meaning
  • Science of all sciences
  • Mother of all sciences
  • Search for the ultimate meaning of reality
• Philosophy and Science


  Both discusses truths about the universe
• Philosophy and History


  The latter serves as the breeding ground of philosophy while the former defines history and interprets it
• Philosophy and Mathematics


  Both are logical bodies of knowledge
• Philosophy and Religion


  One justifies the other
• Why philosophy is important

  • Provides students with fundamental views in coping the changing demands and ethical problems
  • Develops students' ability to comprehend, systematic learning and enhance critical thinking skills
• Major discipline in Philosophy

  • Logic as the study of right and sound reasoning
  • Epistemology as the study of the validity of knowledge
  • Metaphysics seeks to explain the fundamental concepts of being
  • Aesthetics as the philosophical study of beauty
  • Cosmology deals with the study of real things in the universe
  • Theodicy is the study of God and his nature
  • Social philosophy as the study of human and their relation to society
  • Ethics as the science of the morality of human acts
• Imperatives of Ethics - Emerita Quito (2008)

  • Human Freedom
  • Existence of God
  • Immortality of the Soul
• Ethics


  From Greek word "ethos" or "ethikos"–character
• Rule/s


  An instruction that tell what we are allowed to do and not to do
• Why rule/s is important

  • It organize relationship between individuals
  • Rules make it clear on what is right to do/follow in a society and what re wrong to refrain from
  • It provides opportunity to achieve personal and societal goals
  • It regulates various social institution to fulfill their integral roles for the common welfare
• Moral


  From Latin word "mos" – custom. Refers to social, cultural and religious beliefs/values practiced overtime by individual/group to do what is right and refrain from doing what is wrong
• Moral Standard


  Set of norms in society in accord to moral principles that supposed to determine about the kind of actions people believe are morally and deter them from doing what is considered as wrong
• Ethical Standards


  Principles that when followed, promote values such as honesty, patience, respect, and kindness. However, there is not one set of these standards that is imposed to every setting/sector
• Ethical principles

  • Truthfulness/Honesty
  • Loyalty
  • Respect
  • Fairness
  • Integrity
• Characteristics of Moral Standard

  • It involves serious wrong/significant benefits
  • It ought to be preferred to other values
  • It is not established by authority figure
  • It has a trait of universality (Golden rule)
  • It is based on impartial consideration
  • It is associated with special emotions and vocabulary
• Dilemma


  A difficult situation in which an individual is confronted to choose between two or more alternative actions to resolve the problem
• Moral Dilemma


  Any situation in which the person making the decision experiences a conflict between the moral rightness of a decision and the quality of the results it produces
• Types of Moral Dilemma

  • Personal dilemma
  • Organizational Dilemma
  • Systematic Dilemma
• Freedom


  The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
• Moral freedom


  Freedom over the things that matter most
• Reason and impartiality


  Morality was based on reason alone, and once we understood it, we would see that acting morally is the same as acting rationally. Impartiality is a principle of justice holding that decisions or judgment on something or someone should be objective not based on bias or prejudice to favor someone irrationally
• Moral Agent


  Being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong. Expected to meet the demands of morality (choosing between good and evil) and must also be capable of conforming to at least some of the demands of morality. Should have the capacity to rise above their feelings and passions and act for the sake of the moral law. Someone who is capable of doing things rightly or wrongly. A person who has the ability to discern right from wrong and to be held accountable for his or her own actions. Have a moral responsibility not to cause unjustified harm. Those who can be held responsible for their actions
• Culture


  An aggregate of beliefs, attitudes etc. which can be viewed as a "blessing" and a preserver of values, heritage, arts and good behavior. It can also be a "baggage" when we consider that it transmits some irrational and out-of-date attitudes included in it as custom. It changes with time
• Types of Culture

  • High Culture
  • Cultural Diversity
  • Subculture
  • Popular Culture
  • Multiculturalism
  • Global Culture
• Importance of Culture

  • Culture affects perceptions
  • Culture influences behavior
  • Culture shapes personalities
  • Our culture shapes our value and belief systems
• Moral behaviors


  What one believes to be the right things to do
• Role of Culture in Moral Behavior

  • Plays a significant pseudo role within shaping moral behavior and extends even further to social norms
  • Influences human behavior at any given society's belief system, laws, mores, practices, language and attitudinal variables which make a people unique from others
  • Has a great impact in the development of the human person in varied ways; may it be in physical, knowledge, thought, relationship, religious or moral development
  • To mold and establish a social identity that brings people as well to provide the knowledge of common objectives which members would try to achieve
  • The principle that surrounds the moral development of the people that may not always promote what is good and just for all
• Cultural relativism


  The principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself. Factor as diverse geography is the primary shaper of one's culture
• Ethical relativism


  The theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced
• Moral relativism


  The view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some standpoint (for instance, that of a culture or a historical period) and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others. There is no universal or absolute set of moral principles. It is an ethical judgment which claims that no ethical system is better than another. Believes that values are subjective and there is no objective morality; that there is no such thing as right or wrong, good or evil. Believes the denial of truth in ethical questions