lecture final review

• a chemical bond that results in one molecule stripping electrons from the outer shell of another molecule is called a(n)

  ionic
• which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

  maltose
• what are saturated fats saturated with?

  Hydrogen
• what name is given to the following reaction? glucose + glucose --> maltose + water

  dehydration reaction
• the shape of a protein is determined by

  the interaction between R-groups of a chain of amino acids, hydrogen bond along the backbone of the polypeptide, the sequence of amino acids
• a ___ is an example of a unicellular organism (cat, pine tree, fish, paramecium)

  paramecium
• bacterial cells are prokaryotic, unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they

  lack a nucleus
• ___ are the major lipids of plasma membrane

  phospholipids
• which of these pairs of organelles is responsible for energy conversion?

  mitochondrion, chloroplast
• information is transferred from the cell nucleus to ribosomes via the molecule __


  RNA
• which of the following is a measure of disorder?

  entropy
• active transport is a process that results in ___ being transported into or out of the cell


  small molecules or ions
• enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ___

  decreasing activation energy
• osmosis is ___


  the diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane
• the molecule ___ is the main source of energy used to drive chemical reactions in cells

  ATP
• ___ is the anaerobic harvest of food energy

  fermentation
• where in the cell does glycolysis occur?


  in the cytoplasm
• most of the ATP energy produced during cellular respiration is produced during ___

  oxidative phosphorylation (electron-transport chain)
• what must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?

  Acetyl-CoA
• If the mRNA codon ACC stands for the amino acid threonine in a striped bass, it is impossible for the codon to code for the same amino acid in a human.


  false, the codon codes are universal
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the class of RNA molecules that carries the amino acids that are added to the growing polypeptide (protein) chain.


  true
• Thymine is found only in RNA, not in DNA.


  false
• Translation is the process by which amino acids are attached together to form a protein.


  true
• Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes contain both exons and introns


  false, eukaryotic genes have exons and introns, prokaryotic genes have only exons
• DNA is directly required for transcription to occur


  true
• DNA serves as a template for the production of mRNA.


  true
• A DNA molecule with a sequence of AAACAACTT results in a mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of UUUGUUGAA.


  true
• Transcription begins at a DNA region called the promoter.

  true
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the class of RNA that is linked with protein in forming the large and small subunits of a structure found in the cytoplasm of the cell.

  false, Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the type of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized. It is not directly involved in forming the large and small subunits of ribosomes.
• The codon is the portion of the tRNA that permits proper sequencing of amino acids to occur on the mRNA strand

  false, Codons are three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA that specify particular amino acids during protein synthesis. The tRNA molecules have an anticodon region that base pairs with the codons on the mRNA to bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
• Ribosomes are needed to help in joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

  true
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the class of RNA that carries genetic information out of the nucleus as it is needed for the construction of a protein.


  false, Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the type of RNA that, along with proteins, makes up the ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs. It is not involved in carrying genetic information out of the nucleus. The mRNA is responsible for carrying the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
• There is redundancy, meaning more than one codon may encode for the same amino acid, built into the genetic code.


  true
• A tRNA molecule folds back on itself to form hydrogen bonds between different areas of the same molecule, exposing the anticodon at one end and the amino-acid binding site at the other end.

  true
• The correct sequence of events in the production of a polypeptide (protein) is initiation, elongation, termination.


  true
• A gene is a segment of DNA that specifies the sequence of amino acids in protein polypeptides.


  true
• Codons are the triplets (a sequence of three nucleotide bases) coding for a single amino acid


  true
• An unknown chemical is analyzed and it is found to contain the bases thymine and guanine. It can be concluded that this chemical is tRNA.


  false
• In eukaryotes, AUG is a codon that signals the initiation of translation.


  true
• In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the most important control point for gene expression is the start of transcription.


  true