Sci biomicromolecule

• Polymer


  Large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules bonded together
• Monomer


  Smaller molecules that make up polymers
• Organic compounds required by all living things (macromolecules)


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
• Foods provide organic compounds which cells of living things use, change, and store
• Nutrients


  Substances that provide the energy and raw materials the body needs to grow, repair worn parts, and function properly
• Carbohydrate


  An energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Simple carbohydrate


  The simplest carbs are sugars (glucose is in your body – C6H12O6)
• Complex carbohydrate


  A polymer made of smaller molecules that are simple carbs bonded to one another
• Carbohydrate monomers


  • Monosaccharides
• Carbohydrates


  • Contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
  • Most end with "ose"
  • An animal's main energy source
  • Carbs are burned first in the body
• Monosaccharides


  • glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides


  • sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)


  • glycogen (carb storage animal liver)
  • starch (carb storage in plants)
  • cellulose (cell walls, cotton)
• Protein


  Formed from smaller molecules called amino acids
• Amino acid


  A monomer that is a building block of proteins
• Amino acid


  • Each amino acid molecule has a carboxyl group (–COOH) and an amino group (–NH3)
• Proteins


  • Essential to the structures and activities of life
  • Contain C, H, O, N (S, P)
  • 50% of your dry weight
• Groups of proteins


  • enzymes (amylase, sucrase, maltase, lactase)
  • structural (collagen, elastin)
  • contractile (actin, myosin)
  • transport (hemoglobin, protein channels)
  • hormones (insulin)
• Lipid


  Energy-rich compounds made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen (C-H-O)
• Lipids


  • fats
  • oils
  • waxes
  • cholesterol
• Fatty acid


  Organic compound that is a monomer of a fat or oil
• Cholesterol


  A waxy lipid in animal cells
• Lipids


  • Mostly C and H atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds
  • Reserve energy-storage molecules (burned after carbs are gone)
  • Insoluble in water (polar)
  • Soluble in nonpolar solvents (ether)
  • More energy in lipids than in carbs - 9 cal/g Lipid vs. 4 cal/g Carb
• Triglyceride


  3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
• Fats


  • Saturated Fats (all single bonds in chain, solid at room temp, e.g. butter, lard)
  • Unsaturated fats (one or more C=C bond in chain, liquid at room temp, e.g. all oils)
• Nucleic acid


  Very large organic molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Types of nucleic acids

  • DNA
  • RNA
• Elements that make up all living things


  • C - Carbon
  • H - Hydrogen
  • N - Nitrogen
  • O - Oxygen
  • P - Phosphorus
  • S - Sulfur
• Nucleotide


  One nucleotide = 5-carbon sugar, phosphate (PO4-), nitrogenous base
• Nucleic acids

  • Store and transmit genetic information
  • DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • RNA = Ribonucleic acid
  • Large macromolecules containing C, H, O, N, P
  • The sugars and phosphates are the backbone for the nucleic acid
  • DNA's sugar = deoxyribose
  • RNA's sugar = ribose
• Other compounds in foods

  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
• Vitamins


  Organic compounds that serve as helper molecules in a variety of chemical reactions in your body
• Minerals


  Elements in the form of ions in your body
• Water


  Makes up most of your body's fluids