SCIENCE

• There are carbon-containing compounds which are essentials to life.

  Biomolecules
• Made by joining many monomers (single unit)

  Macromolecule (polymer)
• Chemical reaction which joins monomers to make polymers


  Polymerization
• The four main classes of biological molecules


  Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic acids
• (sugar, starches, cellulose)

  Carbohydrates
• (wax, fats, oils, steroids)

  Lipids
• (muscle, hair, hormones, enzymes)

  Proteins
• (DNA and RNA)

  Nucleic acids
• Polymers, built from monomers

  Macromolecules
• These small building-block molecules are called monomers
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
• Most common organic molecule

  Carbohydrates
• Function: Primary energy source our body needs


  Carbohydrates
• Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)

  Carbohydrates
• CARBOHYDRATES Monomer (building block): 


  Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)
• CARBOHYDRATES Polymer


  Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin)
• Single Sugar 


  Monosaccharides (Glucose and Fructose)
• 2 Monosaccharides 


  Disaccharides (Maltose and Sucrose)
• 3+ Monosaccharides


  Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin)
• Used for energy storage in plants like potatoes, pasta and rice. It provide a quick form of energy for the body


  Starch
• Used for energy storage in animals


  Glycogen
• Provides structural supports in plants found in cell wall


  Cellulose
• Found in exoskeleton of arthropods or insects and spiders as well found in cell wall of some fungi


  Chitin
• LIPIDS Monomer (Building blocks)

  glycerol & 3 fatty acids
• LIPIDS Polyme

  Phospholipids, triglycerides
• Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water!
• LIPIDS Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds.They are solid at room temperature and mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
• Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present. They are liquid at room temperature and mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines)
• Long strands of Carbon and Hydrogen are called hydrocarbon
• Function of proteins are to transport molecules in and out of the cell as well as control the speed of chemical reactions and used for growth and repair
• Proteins make up the structure of living things
• Proteins Monomer (Building Block)


  amino acids (20 different ones!)
• Proteins Polymer

  proteins (tons)
• Protein Structure: Elements are C, H, O, and N ➤ "R" groups represent one of the 20 Amino Acids!
• Examples of proteins: hemoglobin in red blood cells,albumin in eggs, enzymes that control reactions in the body. and antibodies
• Proteins are found in fish, eggs, meat
• When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed.
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids(polypeptide- many peptide bands - protein)
• Structural proteins: structural component of connective tissues, bones, tendons, cartilages, nails, hairs