BIO 2 PREFINAL

• Animals


  • Multicellular eukaryotes
  • Lack cell walls
  • Heterotrophs
  • Have sensory organs
  • Ability to move
  • Internal digestion
  • Sexual reproduction
• Animal phyla with the greatest number of species

  • Mollusca
  • Porifera
  • Cnidaria
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Nematoda
  • Annelida
  • Arthropoda
  • Echinodermata
  • Chordata
• Porifera

  • Sessile (attached at the base)
  • Porous body
  • Suspension feeders
  • Internal Fertilization – Sperm travels to another sponge, fertilizing another sponge internally
• Cnidaria

  • Radial symmetry
  • Gastrovascular cavity
  • Cnidocytes (structure for capturing food)
  • Nematocyst (enable them to stick and entangle prey)
  • Approximately 15,000 species exist today
  • Examples are Aurelia and Adamsia
• Platyhelminthes

  • Flat
  • No specialized organs for gas exchange or circulation
  • They are mostly endoparasites found in animals
  • Examples are Taenia and Fasciola
• Nematoda (Aschelmeinthes)

  • Cylindrical bodies coated with tough cuticles
  • Shed cuticles as they grow
  • Live in moist areas, even in body fluids of animals and plants • The phylum consists of about 80,000 parasitic worms
• Mollusca


  • Soft-bodied
  • Protected by hard shell made of calcium carbonate
  • Muscular foot for movement
  • Visceral mass containing internal organs
  • Second-largest phylum
  • They are terrestrial and aquatic
• Annelida


  • Clitellum (important organ that secretes mucous cocoon for reproduction) • Present in aquatic, terrestrial, and are free-living parasitic in nature
  • Some can reproduce asexually by fragmentation and regeneration
• Arthropoda


  • Jointed legs
  • Segmented coelomates
  • Exoskeleton made of protein and chitin
  • Exoskeleton shed during molting
  • Open circulatory system
  • Largest phylum which consists of insects
  • There are over 1 million species of insects existing today
• Echinodermata


  • Thin skin covering endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates •They have a water vascular system branching into TUBE FEET that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
  • There are 6,000 species
  • Examples are Asteria and Ophiura
• Vertebrates


  Have a backbone
• Chordata

  • Animals have characteristics of presence of notochord, a dorsal hallow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits • (Chordates) Include both vertebrates and invertebrates
• Innate behaviors


  Instinctive, controlled by genes, always occur the same way
• Instinct


  Ability of an animal to perform a behavior for the first time it is exposed to the proper stimulus
• Reflex


  Response that always occurs when a certain stimulus is present
• Learning


  Change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
• Learned behaviors


  Adaptive and flexible, can change if the environment changes
• Society


  Close-knit group of animals of the same species living together
• Social animals


  Animals that live in a society and cooperate for the good of the group
• Cooperation


  Animals in a society living and working together
• Communication


  Animals can communicate with sounds, chemicals, or visual cues
• Pheromones


  Chemicals used by animals to communicate
• Aggression


  Behavior intended to cause harm or pain, often occurs when individuals compete for the same resources
• Intraspecific competition


  Competition between members of the same species
• Interspecific competition


  Competition between members of different species
• Circadian rhythms


  Regular changes in biology or behavior that occur in a 24-hour cycle
• Migration


  Seasonal movements of animals from one area to another, usually to find food or mates
• Mating


  Union of a male and female of the same species for reproduction
• Courtship displays


  Displays by males to encourage females to choose them as mates
• Incomplete digestive system


  Digestive cavity with one opening that serves as both mouth and anus
• Complete digestive system


  Digestive tract with two openings: mouth and anus
• Larva


  Juvenile, immature stage of an animal that is different in form and function from the adult
• Fission


  Process where an animal divides into two parts, each of which then regrows the missing part
• Females


  • More selective than males in choosing mates
• Invertebrates


  Majority of living animals, lack a backbone
• Invertebrate reproduction


  • Most reproduce sexually, many pass through larval stages different from adult
• Budding


  Parent forms a small bump or bud that remains attached and develops into a new individual
• Organism included in Porifera?

  • Sponges
• Organisms included in Cnidaria?

  • Jellyfish and Corals
• Organisms included in Platyhelminthes?

  • Flatworms, Tapeworms and flukes