Cards (49)

  • what are the individualistic theories?
    psychodynamic, eysenck’s personality, learning and cognitive
  • what are the psychodynamic theories?

    psychoanalysis and bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory
  • what is criminal behaviour a result of according to psychodynamic theories?

    an individual’s failure to resolve inner conflicts in a socially acceptable way
  • what did freud believe?

    early childhood experiences determine our personality and future behaviour
  • what are the three elements of the personality according to freud?
    the id, superego and ego
  • what is the id?
    it is unconscious, instinctive and ‘animal’. it contains powerful, selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and drives, such as the desire for sex, food and sleep
  • what is the superego?
    our conscience or moral rules, which we learn through interactions with our parents through early socialisation
  • what does the ego do?
    act in a way that satisfies the id’s desires, but that is also morally acceptable to the superego
  • what are the three types of superego that can cause deviance and criminality?

    a weakly developed superego, a too harsh and unforgiving superego or a deviant superego
  • what is a weakly developed superego?

    it means the individual will feel less guilt and inhibition
  • what is a too harsh and unforgiving superego?

    creates deep-seated guilt in the individual, who then craves punishment as a release from feelings
  • what is a deviant superego?

    the child is successfully socialised, but into a deviant moral code
  • what did bowlby argue?
    that there is a link between maternal deprivation and deviant or anti-social behaviour
  • what did bowlby call a child unable to form meaningful emotional relationships with others?
    an ‘affectionless psychopath’
  • what did bowlby’s evidence?
    his study of 44 juvenile thieves. he found that 39% had suffered maternal deprivation in comparison with only 5% of a control group
  • what was eysenck’s personality composed of?
    extraversion versus introversion and neuroticism versus emotional stabilty
  • what are extraverted personalities like?
    outgoing, sociable, excitement-seeking, impulsive, carefree, optimistic, often aggressive, short-tempered and unreliable
  • what are introverted personalities like?
    reserved, inward-looking, thoughtful, serious, quiet, self-controlled, pessimistic and reliable
  • what are neurotic personalities like?

    anxious, moody, often depressed and prone to over-reacting
  • wht are emotionally stable personalities like?
    calm, even-tempered, controlled and unworried
  • what is conditioning?
    that through experience, we learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
  • what did eysenck argue along with conditioning?
    that we may inherit a nervous system that causes criminality
  • what do extraverted nervous systems require?
    a high level of stimulation from their environment which leads to impulsive, rule-breaking behaviour
  • why are neurotics harder to condition into following society’s rules?

    their high anxiety levels prevent them learning from punishment for their mistakes
  • what are psychotic personalities like?

    cruel, insensitive, aggressive and lacking in empathy
  • what are the different learning theories?

    sutherland’s differential association, operant learning and social learning
  • what did edwin sutherland argue?

    individuals learn criminal behaviour largely in the family and peer groups
  • what are the two factors which result in the learning of criminality?

    imitation and learned attitudes
  • what is imitation in regards to criminality?

    individuals can acquire criminal skills and techniques through observing those around them
  • what are learned attitudes?
    socialisation within the group exposes the individual to attitudes and values about the law
  • what did sutherland find in his study of white collar crime?

    group attitudes in the workplace often normalised criminal behaviour
  • who came up with the operant learning theory?
    b.f. skinner
  • what is the basic idea of operant learning theory?
    if a particular behaviour results in a reward, it is likely to be repeated. on the other hand, behaviour that results in an undesirable outcome is likely not to be repeated
  • what is behaviourism?
    the cause of someone’s behaviour lies in the reinforcement and punishments that shape it
  • what is differential reinforcement theory?
    reinforcement and punishment must explain criminal behaviour too
  • what did jeffery argue?

    if crime has more rewarding consequences than punishing ones for an individual, they will be more likely to engage in criminal behaviour
  • who is known for social learning theory?

    albert bandura
  • what did bandura argue?

    that we learn much of our behaviour by imitating other people
  • what does bandura call the people who we imitate?
    models
  • what factors increase the likelihood of imitation?
    the model being of higher status than us or them being rewarded for the behaviour