psychodynamic, eysenck’s personality, learning and cognitive
what are the psychodynamic theories?
psychoanalysis and bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory
what is criminal behaviour a result of according to psychodynamic theories?
an individual’s failure to resolve innerconflicts in a sociallyacceptable way
what did freud believe?
early childhood experiences determine our personality and future behaviour
what are the three elements of the personality according to freud?
the id, superego and ego
what is the id?
it is unconscious, instinctive and ‘animal’. it contains powerful, selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and drives, such as the desire for sex, food and sleep
what is the superego?
our conscience or moral rules, which we learn through interactions with our parents through early socialisation
what does the ego do?
act in a way that satisfies the id’s desires, but that is also morally acceptable to the superego
what are the three types of superego that can cause deviance and criminality?
a weakly developed superego, a too harsh and unforgiving superego or a deviant superego
what is a weakly developed superego?
it means the individual will feel lessguilt and inhibition
what is a too harsh and unforgiving superego?
creates deep-seated guilt in the individual, who then cravespunishment as a release from feelings
what is a deviant superego?
the child is successfullysocialised, but into a deviant moral code
what did bowlby argue?
that there is a link between maternal deprivation and deviant or anti-social behaviour
what did bowlby call a child unable to form meaningful emotional relationships with others?
an ‘affectionless psychopath’
what did bowlby’s evidence?
his study of 44 juvenile thieves. he found that 39% had suffered maternal deprivation in comparison with only 5% of a control group
what was eysenck’s personality composed of?
extraversion versus introversion and neuroticism versus emotional stabilty
what are extraverted personalities like?
outgoing, sociable, excitement-seeking, impulsive, carefree, optimistic, often aggressive, short-tempered and unreliable
what are introverted personalities like?
reserved, inward-looking, thoughtful, serious, quiet, self-controlled, pessimistic and reliable
what are neurotic personalities like?
anxious,moody, often depressed and prone to over-reacting
wht are emotionally stable personalities like?
calm, even-tempered, controlled and unworried
what is conditioning?
that through experience, we learn to seek pleasure and avoid pain
what did eysenck argue along with conditioning?
that we may inherit a nervous system that causes criminality
what do extraverted nervous systems require?
a high level of stimulation from their environment which leads to impulsive, rule-breaking behaviour
why are neurotics harder to condition into following society’s rules?
their highanxiety levels prevent them learning from punishment for their mistakes
what are psychotic personalities like?
cruel,insensitive,aggressive and lacking in empathy
what are the different learning theories?
sutherland’s differential association, operant learning and social learning
what did edwinsutherland argue?
individuals learn criminalbehaviour largely in the family and peer groups
what are the two factors which result in the learning of criminality?
imitation and learned attitudes
what is imitation in regards to criminality?
individuals can acquire criminalskills and techniques through observing those around them
what are learned attitudes?
socialisation within the group exposes the individual to attitudes and values about the law
what did sutherland find in his study of white collar crime?
group attitudes in the workplace often normalised criminal behaviour
who came up with the operant learning theory?
b.f. skinner
what is the basic idea of operant learning theory?
if a particular behaviour results in a reward, it is likely to be repeated. on the other hand, behaviour that results in an undesirable outcome is likely not to be repeated
what is behaviourism?
the cause of someone’s behaviour lies in the reinforcement and punishments that shape it
what is differential reinforcement theory?
reinforcement and punishment must explain criminal behaviour too
what did jeffery argue?
if crime has more rewarding consequences than punishing ones for an individual, they will be morelikely to engage in criminal behaviour
who is known for social learning theory?
albertbandura
what did bandura argue?
that we learn much of our behaviour by imitating other people
what does bandura call the people who we imitate?
models
what factors increase the likelihood of imitation?
the model being of higherstatus than us or them being rewarded for the behaviour