SCIENCE: Reviewer

• Gas


  • Have no definite shape and volume
  • Diffuse, or spread out, within their container
  • Are highly compressible
  • Have much lower densities than liquid and solid
• Volume


  The amount of space occupied by any 3 dimensional solid
• Units of volume

  • Cubic Metre
  • Litre
  • Barrel
  • Cubic foot
  • Gallon
• Temperature


  The measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin
• Pressure


  The amount of force exerted per area
• Units of pressure

  • atm
  • psi
  • inHg
  • mmHg
  • inWC
  • kPa
  • mb
• Boyle's Law


  1. Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

  2. Inversely proportional relationship between pressure and volume and where temperature is constant.

  3. P1 x V1 = P2 x V2, is the formula
• Charles' Law


  1. Jacques Charles (1746-1923)

  2. Directly proportional relationship between temperature and volume and where pressure is constant.

  3. V1 / T1 = V2 / T2, is the formula
• Gay-Lussac's Law


  1. Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)

  2. Directly proportional relationship between pressure and temperature and where volume is constant.

  3. P1 / T1 = P2 / T2, is the formula.
• Carbohydrates


  The most abundant class of organic compounds of organism. They contain the elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).

  - The basic unit of carbohydrates are saccharides or simple sugar.
• Monosaccharides

  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Monosaccharides


  One sugar unit per molecule
• Polysaccharides


  Polymers of Monosaccharides
• Starch


  • Found in plants and used as source of energy
  • Consists of two types of glucose polymers: amylose and amylopectin which differ from each other in structure
  • Not found in animals
• Glycogen


  • Animals use glycogen for energy storage
  • Has shorter chains than starch and is more highly branched
  • Because of the shorter chains and branching, glycogen is more readily hydrolyzed than starch
• Cellulose


  • A straight chain polymer consisting of glucose units
  • Glycosidic links between the glucose units in cellulose alternate in direction
  • No branching and produces a long, straight and rigid molecule
  • The major structural material which plants are made of
• Waxes

  • Beeswax
  • Chinese wax
  • Ear wax
  • Lanolin
• Waxes


  Water insoluble and low melting solids and consist of long-chain fatty acid
• Beeswax


  • For consumption
• Chinese wax


  • Ingredients of polishes and candles
• Ear wax


  • Serves as protective layer of ear membrane
• Lanolin


  • Used for rust prevention and ingredients of cosmetics
• Shellac


  • Used in wood sealant
• Spermaceti


  • Used in cosmetic and leather working
• Vegetable wax


  • Serves as protective layer of plants to prevent loss of water
• Disaccharides- two sugar unit per molecule