Situations in parliamentary systems where no single political party or coalition has an outright majority of seats in the legislative body
Hung parliaments
Can lead to challenges in forming a stable government or passing legislation without the support of other parties
"Proroguing of parliament"
The formal process of ending a session of parliament, involving the closing of all parliamentary business until a new session begins
Proroguing of parliament
Usually done by the monarch, upon the advice of the prime minister
Is a constitutional formality in countries with a parliamentary system
Monarch's "weekly audience with the prime minister"
Typically takes place on a regular basis, usually once a week, at Buckingham Palace in London, UK
Monarch's weekly audience with the prime minister
During this meeting, the prime minister updates the monarch on government affairs and seeks royal approval or advice on various matters of state
"Royal assent"
The formal approval given by the monarch to a bill passed by the legislative body, thereby making it law
Royal assent
In constitutional monarchies like the United Kingdom, this process is typically a formality, where the monarch's approval is granted on the advice of the government
Once royal assent is given, the bill becomes an official act of parliament and can be enforced as law