bias & propaganda techniques

• Bias


  An author's expression of his/her own opinion on a particular issue without examining and presenting enough evidences
• Biased writing


  • Subjective, Unfair presentation of the issue, Focuses on one side
• Unbiased writing


  • Objective, Fair presentation of the issue, Focuses on both sides
• Evidences


  Facts and information, Testimonies and direct observations, Scientific and legal findings, Anecdotes and philosophical evidences
• Diction


  Words or expressions that help convey the stand of the author towards an issue
• Propaganda


  A form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitudes, perspectives and emotions of people or communities toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument
• Types of Propaganda Techniques

  • Card stacking
  • Name-calling
  • Plain folks
  • Glittering generalities
  • Soft soap
  • Bandwagon
  • Testimonial
  • Transfer
  • Repetition
• Card stacking


  • "Removes 99% of germs."
• Name-calling


  • Racist, dictator, terrorist, rebel, protester, idiot, liar, monster
• Plain folks


  • A local farmer is showing his bountiful harvest to promote organic agriculture
  • An old lady claims that she feels healthy because she's taking ABC supplement daily
• Glittering generalities


  • "Get the better detergent ever, Ariel."
• Soft soap


  • Salesman: "Hey lady! Welcome to our bazaar! You look stunning. I am sure the dress that I'm selling would fit on you. Want to try it?"
• Bandwagon


  • "Millions are using it. Don't be left behind. Wear Nike now."
• Testimonial


  • "Things go better with Coke."—Sharon Cuneta
• Transfer


  • A major soft-drink brand was accused of having traces of pesticides a couple of years ago. While these allegations were on the rise, the entire carbonated-drink industry took a hit. Fruit juices and other drinks were able to do great business.
• Repetition


  • "Manila Times, leading the way, Manila Times."