SCI,043

• Boyle's Law


  Describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a confined gas at constant temperature
• Boyle's Law

  1. Pressure (P) and volume (V) remain constant: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

  2. If volume decreases, pressure increases proportionally

  3. If volume increases, pressure decreases proportionally
• Boyle's Law

  • Applies at constant temperature
  • Most accurate for ideal gases
• Applications of Boyle's Law


  • Explains behavior of air in devices like bicycle pumps and syringes
  • Used in engineering applications involving gas compression and expansion, such as internal combustion engines and compressed air systems
• Robert Boyle in 1662 studied the relationship between the volume of a gas and its pressure
• Charles' Law


  Describes the relationship between temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure
• Charles' Law


  1. Volume (V) is directly proportional to absolute temperature (T): V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂

  2. As temperature increases, volume increases proportionally

  3. As temperature decreases, volume decreases proportionally
• Charles' Law

  • Applies at constant pressure
  • Uses absolute temperature (Kelvin scale)
  • Most accurate for ideal gases
• Charles' Law and Absolute Zero

  Suggests volume would reach zero at absolute zero temperature (-273.15°C or 0 K)
• Applications of Charles' Law

  • Explains why hot air balloons rise
  • Used in weather balloon operations
• In 1787, Jacques Charles discovered that the volume of a gas varied directly with temperature
• Major classes of biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
• CHNOPS/CHONSP elements


  The six most common elements found in biomolecules: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur
• Biomolecule classes and their elements

  • Carbohydrates: C, H, O
  • Proteins: C, H, N, O, S
  • Nucleic Acids: C, H, N, O, P
  • Lipids: C, H, O, P, S
• Monomer


  Single unit forming a long chain of molecules creating a repeated pattern
• Polymer

  Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks, or a repeated pattern of various building blocks
• Biomolecule polymers and monomers

  • Lipids: Polymers are diglycerides, triglycerides; Monomers are fatty acids
  • Proteins: Polymers are polypeptides; Monomers are amino acids
  • Nucleic Acids: Polymers are DNA and RNA; Monomers are nucleotides
  • Carbohydrates: Polymers are polysaccharides and disaccharides; Monomers are monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• Monosaccharides


  • Provide material to build cell membrane
  • Provide quick energy for cells
  • Food sources: Pastas, Breads, Fruits, Vegetables
  • Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Cellulose
• Amino Acids


  • Provide structure
  • Aid in muscle movement, immunity
  • Food sources: Seafood, Milk, Eggs, Cheese
  • Examples: Insulin, Hemoglobin, Antibodies, Enzymes
• Nucleotides


  • Contain genetic information
  • Direct growth and development
  • Examples: DNA, RNA
• Glycerol and Fatty Acids

  • Store energy
  • Cushion and insulate organs
  • Used for cell membrane
  • Food sources: Butter, Nuts, Oil
  • Examples: Fats, Oils, Waxes