ENGLISH: Reviewer

• Literature comes from the Latin word 'litera or letter" means anything written.
• Two considerations in literature

  • What the author is writing about or subject matter
  • How the subject is written, or the style
• Types of literature

  • Literature of knowledge - primary purpose is to give information
  • Literature of power - communicate the author's vision of life, an interpretation of the facts of general existence
• Critique


  Written to express one's response and evaluation of what was read
• How to write a critique

  1. Introduction - Describe the work and its creator

  2. Body - Summarize the work, Evaluate the work, State your agreement or disagreement to the work

  3. Conclusion - Give an overview for your critique
• Discourses applied to literary criticism

  • Marxist
  • Feminist
• Marxist literary criticism


  Focuses on the class conflict portrayed in the story
• Feminist literary criticism


  Focuses on the gender relationships of characters
• Poetry is the oldest of the arts
• Poets express emotions we dimly feel but cannot express
• Elements of poems

  1.Sense creates the poem - The poet has a message about life that he / she wants to share with the reader.

  2. Poetry is a compact language- Ideas are conveyed in a few words.

  3. Rhythm -is the rise and fall in the stress of syllables.

  4. Rhyme - refers to the similarity of the sound of words

  5. Meter - is observed in traditional verses.

  6 figurative language - is important In poetry

  -used are simile, metaphor, personification.

  alliteration and assonance
• Structuralism


  The study of how our minds make meaning through small step by step cognitive processes
• Humanism


  An approach to life based on reason and our common humanity, recognizing that moral values are properly founded on human nature and experience alone
• Romanticism


  A literary and artistic movement worked chiefly by on emphasis on the imagination and emotions
• Marxism


  A political and economic theory where a society has no class
• Moralism


  An approach that evaluates literature primarily on its ethical or moral content
• Rationalism


  The belief that your life should be based on reason and logic, rather than emotions or religious beliefs
• Feminism


  The belief that women deserve equal rights like social, economic, and political rights and freedoms
• Pragmatism


  Thinking of or dealing with problems in a practical way
• Language of research

  • Multi-syllable words
  • Types and forms of questions
  • Span of time covered by the research
  • Variable relationship (independent, dependent, extraneous, confounding)
  • Formulation of hypotheses
  • Data
  • Unit of analysis
• Research methodologies

  • Experimental research
  • Quasi or pre-experimental research
  • Ethnography
  • Case study
• Elements of poetry

  • Lines
  • Free verse
  • Onomatopoeia
  • Stanza
  • Alliteration
  • Symbol
  • Rhyme
  • Imagery
  • Mood
  • Rhyme scheme
  • Rhythm
  • Exaggeration
  • Tone
  • Figurative language
  • Style
• Lyric poetry


  A short poem, usually melodious, which expresses feeling or emotion
• Sonnet


  • Must have 14 lines
  • The lines must be in iambic pentameter
  • The lines must rhyme in a fixed pattern
• Ode


  A formal poem having a complex stanza pattern, and it is addressed to an object or an idea
• Elegy


  A poem mourning someone's death
• Narrative poetry


  Presents an idea, paints a picture, or expresses an emotion, and tells a story in poetic form
• Pure poetry is though, foolish you who do not know it, you know your sciences, but in every word light is poetry
• Rhythm


  An essential characteristic of poetry, means a rise and fall in the stress of the syllables
• Repetition


  The essence of rhythm
• Pattern


  Implies a certain complexity
• Metrical poem


  Has a regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables that is used consistently throughout the poem
• Foot


  Each unit of the pattern within a line of metrical poetry
• Poetic feet

  • Iambic - two beats, first unaccented, second accented
  • Trochee - two beats, first accented, second unaccented
  • Spondee - two accented syllables
  • Anapest - three beats, first two unaccented, third accented
  • Dactyl - three beats, first accented, other two unaccented
• Sound devices in poetry

  Rhyme - One of the sound devices used often in poetry.

  internal rhyme - Many times rhyme occurs within the line.

  -Rhyme may be masculine or single.

  2. Alliteration - is the repetition of same consonant sounds,

  3. Assonance - It is the repetition of vowel sounds.

  4. Onomatopoeia - it is the use of words whose sounds suggest their meanings.

  5. Prepetition - The repetition of a single word or a brief phrase

  6. Refrain- is the repetition of a line or of several lines at regular intervals throughout a poem.