2: Human Geography

• How has the economy in the UK changed over the years? (3)

  1) 1800s - 75% of people worked in the primary sector

  2) 1900s - During the Industrial Revolution, 55% worked in the secondary sector

  3) 1980s - 74% of people worked in the tertiary sector, and 9% in the quaternary sector
• What are the 3 causes of economic change in the UK? (3)

  1) Deindustrialisation

  2) Globalisation

  3) Government policies
• What is deindustrialisation?


  The decline of traditional industries, such as manufacturing
• Why has deindustrialisation occured? (2)

  1) Machinery and technology have replaced many people

  2) Other countries can produce cheaper goods because labour is less expensive
• What is globalisation?


  The growth and spread of ideas around the world
• Why has globalisation occured? (2)

  1) Many people now work on global brands in the quaternary sector

  2) Increased world trade and cheaper imported products have led to the decline in UK manufacturing
• How have government policies led to economic change? (3)

  1) In the 1960s, the government created state run industries such as British Rail

  2) In the 1990s, state run industries are sold to private shareholders (privatisation), causing many other industries to close down

  3) In the 2010s, policies have included: improvements to transport; encouraging global firms to invest in the UK
• What is a post industrial economy?

  Where manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
• Recall facts about the development of information technology (4)

  1) The use of IT is a key factor in the UK's move to a post industrial economy

  2) Internet access enables people to work from home

  3) Over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector

  4) The UK is one of the world's leading digital economies
• Recall facts about service industries and finance (3)

  1) Today, the service sector contributes to 79% of the UK's GDP

  2) The UK is the world's leading centre for financial services

  3) The financial service sector account for 10% of the UK's GDP
• Recall facts about the research sector (2)

  1) Employs 60,000 highly qualified people and is estimated to contribute over £3 billion to the UK economy

  2) This sector is likely to be one of the UK's main growth areas in the future
• Recall facts about the British Antarctic Survey (2)

  1) Is a company which revolves around the quaternary/research sector

  2) Employs over 500 people in Cambridge, Antarctica and the Arctic
• What is a science park?

  A group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site
• What are science parks associated with and why?

  Most are associated with universities which enables them to use research facilities, and employ skilled graduates
• Recall facts about the University of Southampton Science Park (1)

  1) Includes over 100 small science and innovation businesses including Photostar and Fibrecore
• What are the benefits of the University of Southampton Science Park? (3)

  1) There are excellent transport links as it is close to the M3 and the Southampton Airport

  2) There are excellent links with the university

  3) It is an attractive location with many green spaces
• What is a business park?

  An area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
• Where are business parks usually located?


  On the edge of towns and cities
• Why are they located here? (3)

  1) Land is cheaper and more available

  2) Access is better, with less congestion

  3) Businesses can benefit from working together
• Recall facts about Cobalt Business Park in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (3)

  1) It is the UK's largest business park, with support facilities including a fitness centre

  2) Next to the A1, and close to an international airport

  3) Companies include IBM and Santander
• What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment? (3)

  1) Manufacturing plants can look dull and affect the visual effect on the landscape

  2) Industrial processes and waste products can cause air, water and soil pollution

  3) Transport raw materials increases levels of air pollution
• How can industrial development be more sustainable? (3)

  1) Technology can be used to remove harmful emissions, such as desulphurisation

  2) Heavy fires can be imposed when pollution incidents occur

  3) Care in the design can reduce visual impact
• What are 3 impacts of quarrying? (3)

  1) Destruction of natural habitats

  2) Pollution of water courses

  3) Scar landscapes
• How is quarrying being made more sustainable? (3)

  1) There are strict controls on blasting, and landscaping

  2) Recycling is encouraged

  3) Companies are expected to restore or improve a quarry after it has been used
• Recall facts about Torr Quarry, Somerset (3)

  1) Employs over 100 people and contributes more than £15 million towards the local economy

  2) 100 acres of the site has already been landscaped

  3) There is regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust and water quality
• What is an area of population growth in the UK?

  South Cambridgeshire
• What are the changes? (3)

  1) Population of 150,000 is increasing due to migration

  2) Most migrants come from Cambridge and Eastern Europe

  3) Proportion of people aged 65+ is growing
• What are the social effects? (3)

  1) 80% car ownership leads to increased traffic on the narrow roads

  2) Young people cannot afford the high cost of houses, and move away

  3) Housing developments on the edges of villages led to a reduction in community spirit
• What are the economic effects? (2)

  1) There has been a reduction in agricultural employment because farmers have sold land for housing developments

  2) High ownership of cars leads to high demand for petrol, which leads to high petrol prices
• What is an area of population decline?

  Outer Hebrides
• What are the changes? (2)

  1) Population has declined by more than 50% since 1901

  2) With limited employment, young people move away
• What are the social effects? (2)

  1) Expected fall in number of children may lead to a closure of schools

  2) An increasingly ageing population has fewer young people to support them
• What are the economic effects? (2)

  1) Most farms can only provide work for 2 days a week

  2) There has been an increase in tourism, but the current infrastructure cannot support the scale of tourism needed to provide a source of income
• How has transport infrastructure changed? (2)

  1) Road improvements

  2) Railway improvements

  3) UK's ports

  4) Airport developments
• Recall facts about road improvements (2)

  1) In 2014, the "Road Investment Strategy" began. It includes: 100 new road schemes by 2020; 1300 new lane miles added to motorways; extra lanes added to turn main motorways into "smart motorways"

  2) New road schemes will create thousands of construction jobs
• Recall facts about the South West "Super Highway" (2)

  1) It is a £2 billion road widening project that will take place on the A303

  2) It converts the route to a dual carriageway, creating a "super highway"
• Recall facts about Railway improvements (2)

  1) The Pennine Rail links want to: reduce journey times by up to 15 minutes; and stimulate economic growth

  2) HS2 is a planned high-speed rail line to connect London with Birmingham and other cities. It is controversial because it passes through the countryside and is close to many homes
• Recall facts about London's crossrail (3)

  1) It is a new railway across London that links Heathrow and Reading to Sheffield and Abbeywood

  2) It will reduce journey times across London

  3) It will bring an additional 1.5 million people with 45 minutes' commuting distance of London's key business districts
• Recall facts about the development of UK's ports (2)

  1) 32 million passengers travel through UK ports per annum

  2) Ports employ roughly 120,000 people
• Recall facts about Liverpool2 (2)

  1) Project will double the port's capacity to 1.5 million containers per year

  2) The terminal will: create thousands of jobs in the north west; boost the regional economy; reduce amount of freight traffic on the roads