biomolecules

• Biomolecules

  Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
• GO, GLOW and GROW food

  • Identify whether the following are GO, GLOW and GROW food
• Biomolecules

  Any molecules that are produced by a living organism, including large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
• Biomolecules


  They are chemical compounds found in living things, composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Biomolecules family


  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates


  Most common biomolecule, Primary source of energy of our body, Chemical formula: (CH2O)n where n is the number of molecule, Building block/monomer: monosaccharides, Elements: C H O
• Classifications of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides

  Simple sugars (C6H12O6), Number of carbons usually ranges from three to seven, Most monosaccharides names end with the suffix -ose
• Monosaccharides


  • Galactose found in milk sugars
  • Fructose found in fruit sugars
• Glucose

  It is the basic source of energy for all living things, It supplies the body with quick energy, It occurs naturally in some fruits and vegetables and is also produced in the body by breaking down other foods into glucose
• Disaccharides

  • Maltose
  • Sucrose (table sugar)
  • Lactose (Milk sugar)
• Disaccharides

  Double sugar (C12H22O11), Formed by dehydration synthesis from two monosaccharides (also known as a CONDENSATION REACTION or DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS)
• Glycosidic bond

  A covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate molecule and another molecule between two monosaccharide
• Polysaccharides

  Complex sugar (C6H10O5)n where n is the number of carbon atoms, Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, chitin
• Starch

  Used for energy storage in plants, Potato, pasta and rice are starches, They provide a quick form of energy for the body
• Glycogen

  Used for energy storage for animals, When the body doesn't need glucose, for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen
• Cellulose

  Major component of plant cell walls, which are rigid structures that enclose the cells, Wood and paper are mostly made up of cellulose, Gives us fiber
• Chitin

  Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans, Polysaccharide containing nitrogen
• Carbohydrates

  • STARCH
  • MONOSACCHARIDES
  • CELLULOSE
  • GLYCOGEN
  • MALTOSE
  • GLUCOSE
  • SIMPLE
  • COMPLEX (MANY SUGARS)
  • DISACCHARIDES
  • FRUCTOSE
  • GALACTOSE
  • SUCROSE
  • LACTOSE
  • CHITIN
• One full dropper of Benedict's solution is added to little amount of table sugar, the solution becomes orange. Table sugar is rich in carbohydrates.
• Transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
• Nucleic acid

  • Building blocks: Nucleotides
  • Elements: C-H-O-N-P
  • Location: Cytoplasm/ribosome, nucleus
• Types of nucleic acid

  • DNA
  • RNA
• Nucleic acid (specifically DNA)

  • Carries out a vital role in the human body
  • Plays an essential role in mitosis and meiosis
  • Provides energy/Cellular respiration
• Nucleic acids are not necessarily from food
• Nucleic acids are biomolecular components of hereditary materials and are present in DNA
• Nucleic acid

  The largest and most complex organic molecules
• Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acid

  1871
• Copy table about DNA and RNA on page 471
• Lipids


  Are energy giving molecules, but they are commonly referred as the stored energy molecules
• Classification of lipids


  • Simple lipid: Fats & oils, wax
  • Compound lipid: Phospholipids, glycolipids
  • Derived lipid: Steroids, terpenoid
• Lipids store more energy than carbohydrates and proteins
• Lipids


  • Provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of the body
  • Serve as waterproof covering in some plants and animals
• Lipids


  • Are a group of hydrophobic biomolecules that play important role in living organism
  • Primary function - long term energy storage
• Examples of lipids


  • Steroids
  • Cholesterol
  • Fats
  • Oils
  • Nuts
  • Waxes
• Waxes


  • Used as bases for the preparation of cosmetics, ointments, polishes, lubricants, and candles
  • In nature, they are found in the surface of plants and insects to prevent water loss
• Waxes


  • Are soft and plastic at room temperatures
  • Produced by animals and plants and are typically used for protection
• Are fats good or bad?
• Protein


  General formula: RCH(NH2)COOH, R is a side chain, usually an amino acid. Elements: C-H-O-N. Building block: amino acids
• Types of fats


  • Saturated fats: Solids at room temperature, sometimes called bad fats (Ex. Red meat, cheese and butter)
  • Unsaturated fats: Liquid at room temperature, Considered much better than saturated fats and are sometimes called good fats (Example: nuts, vegetables,fish)