early modern

• Development of Surgery in the 19th Century

  Industrial Revolution spurred change; focus on science and knowledge; significant advancements in surgery
• Pain Management

  Humphrey Davy introduced nitrous oxide; Robert Liston used ether; James Simpson introduced chloroform for pain relief during surgery
• Introduction of Chloroform

  James Simpson discovered chloroform's ability to induce sleep; initially deemed dangerous, but gained popularity after Queen Victoria's use
• Impact of Chloroform

  Made surgery pain-free; did not improve safety, but reduced pain for patients
• Focus on Infection Control

  Pasteur's germ theory led to focus on infection prevention; Joseph Lister used carbolic acid to sterilize equipment and reduce infection rates
• Lister's Contribution

  Mortality rates dropped from 46% to 15% in 3 years with carbolic acid usage; significant improvement in surgical outcomes
• Advancements in Sterilization

  Chamberland introduced steam sterilization in 1881; Neubert emphasized hand scrubbing and air sterilization in operating theatres in 1886
• Evolution of Protective Clothing

  Introduction of rubber gloves, surgical gowns, and masks for surgeons; improved aseptic conditions in operating theatres