Paper 1

• Types of electromagnetic waves

  • Radio
  • Microwave
  • Infra-Red
  • Visible light
  • Ultra-violet
  • X-rays
  • Gamma-rays
• Longest wavelength is Radio
• Shortest wavelength is Gamma rays
• Types of ionising radiation

  • Ultra-violet
  • X-rays
  • Gamma rays
• Ionising radiation


  • It can knock electrons out of atoms
• Ionising radiation


  Damages DNA, kills cells, causes cancer and mutations
• Ionising radiation dose


  Measured in Sieverts
• Refraction


  1. When light moves from air to glass/water, it slows down and bends (refracts) closer to the normal line

  2. When light moves from glass/water to air, it speeds up and refracts (bends) further from the normal line
• Reflection


  1. When light moves from air to glass/water, it slows down and bends (refracts) closer to the normal line

  2. When light moves from glass/water to air, it speeds up and refracts (bends) further from the normal line
• A fast-moving aeroplane

  • kinetic
• A car's petrol tank

  • chemical
• A person on top of a mountain

  • Gravitational
• A kettle full of hot water

  • Thermal
• A piece of uranium

  • Nuclear
• A Stretched rubber band

  • Elastic
• Measuring wavelength, frequency and speed of a wave

  1. Place a ruler in the water

  2. Take a photo

  3. Measure length of waves

  4. Divide by 10 to get wavelength

  5. Record a slow-motion video of the waves with a stopwatch

  6. Count the number of waves passing a point in 1 second to get frequency

  7. Measure the length of the tank with a ruler

  8. Record the time for a wave to travel this length with a stopwatch

  9. Speed = distance / time
• Units


  • Current - Amps (A)
  • Power - Watts (W)
  • Potential difference - Volts (V)
  • Energy - Joules (J)
  • Efficiency - no units
  • Charge flow - Coulombs
  • Mass - Kilograms
  • Velocity - Meters per second
  • Extension - Meters
  • Spring Constant - Newtons per meter
• This symbol is called a fuse.

  
• What are the forms of energy?

  • Kinetic energy
  • Light energy
  • Heat energy
  • Sound energy
  • Electrical energy
  • Elastic potential energy
  • Chemical potential energy
  • Gravitational potential energy
• This symbol is called a Resistor

  
• This symbol is called a Battery

  
• This symbol is called an LDR

  
• This symbol is called a Motor

  
• This symbol is called an Ammeter

  
• This is a symbol of a Voltmeter

  
• This symbol is called a Variable resistor

  
• This symbol is called an LED.

  (It is a diode that allows current to flow in one direction only.)

  
• What is a matter?

  Made up of small particles called Atoms and it is anything that has mass and takes up space.
• Energy can't be...

  created or destroyed
• What are the 3 states of matter?

  Solid, Liquid and Gas
• What is the formula of Kinetic Energy?

  k = 0.5 x mass x (speed)^2
• What is the unit of Kinetic energy?


  Joules (J)
• What is Elastic Potential energy?

  Stored energy in a stretched or compressed object.
• What is the formula for Gravitational Potential Energy?

  mgh (m x g x h)
• What is the missing Electromagnetic?

  Radio, Microwaves, ???, Visible light, Ultra-violet, X-rays, Gamma rays

  Infra-red
• Define the heat capacity of a substance.

  The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg to a substance by 1 degree celsius.
• Which piece of apparatus records the amount of energy transferred to the substance?

  A Joulemeter
• How do you measure the temperature rise of the substance?

  Use a thermometer to record the start and end temperature then calculate the difference.
• What is the equation for Gravitational Potential Energy?

  mass x gravitational field strength x height
• What is the equation for Elastic Potential Energy?


  0.5 x spring constant x extension^2