cognitive development in infancy chap 5

• Object permanence


  Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they are not seen, heard or touched
• Piaget's Sensorimotor Period


  1. Simple reflexes(-1m)

  2. First habits and primary circular reactions(1-4m)

  3. Secondary circular reactions(4-8m)

  4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions(8-12m)

  5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

  6. Internalization of schemes(18-24m)
• Object permanence


  • One of an infant's most significant accomplishments
• A not B


  Object permanence
• Classical conditioning


  • Unconditioned stimulus → unconditioned response
  • Conditioned stimulus → no response
  • Unconditioned stimulus + Conditioned stimulus → unconditioned response
  • Conditioned stimulus → conditioned response
• Operant conditioning


  Reinforcement, punishment
• Attention


  Focusing of mental resources on select information
• Habituation


  Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
• Dishabituation


  Increased responsiveness after a change in stimulation
• Implicit memory


  Memory without conscious recollection
• Explicit memory


  Conscious memory of facts and experiences
• Imitation


  Infants' imitative abilities are biologically based
• Deferred imitation


  Imitation that occurs after a time delay of hours or days
• Categories


  Groups of objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties
• Concepts


  Ideas about what categories represent
• Language


  A form of communication – whether spoken, written, or signed – that is based on a system of symbols
• Early Milestones of Language Development: First Year

  1. Crying predominant sound(Birth–1 month)

  2. Laughing and cooing sounds (aaaaa)(1–2 months)

  3. Babbling(6–7 months)

  4. Jargon, Hand gesture-vocalization combinations(8–12 months)

  5. First words(13 months)

  6. Vocabulary spurt starts(18 months)
• First Words


  Children understand first words earlier than they speak them
• On average, a child understands about 50 words at age 13 months but can't speak 50 words until 18 months</b>
• Children typically speak their first word at 10–15 months
• Vocabulary spurt


  Begins at approximately 18 months of age
• Overextension


  Tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning
• Underextension


  Tendency to apply a word too narrowly
• Freud's psychosexual development


  Birth to 12-18 months: Oral Stage, The mouth is the young infant's primary source of gratification
• Erikson's psychosocial development


  • Birth-1 year: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust, Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met
  • 1-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Autonomy is obtained if parents provide suitable guidance and appropriate choices
• Our facial expressions of emotion are innate, not learned
• Emotion


  A state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components
• Basic Emotions


  • Happiness
  • Sadness
  • Fear
  • Anger
  • Surprise
  • Disgust
• Development of Happiness


  1. Reflexive smile

  2. Social Smile(6~10 weeks)

  3. Selective smile (3~4 months)

  4. Laughter (4 months~)
• Anger


  Expressed during first months through crying in response to unpleasant stimulus
• Sadness


  Expressions of sadness are usually less frequent than anger
• Fear/Anxiety


  Fear is one of a baby's earliest emotions, appears at about 6 months and peaks at about 18 months
• Stranger Anxiety


  Expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults, emerges gradually, first appearing at about 6 months of age, intensifies at about 9 months of age, escalating past the 1st birthday
• Separation Anxiety


  Usually begins about 8 or 9 months and peaks at around 14 months, starts slightly later than stranger anxiety
• Emotion Contagion


  Occurs at birth
• Social referencing


  Reliance on a trusted person's emotional reactions to appraise a situation, first occurs at about 8-9 months, infants make use of caregiver's facial expression
• Emotional self-regulation


  Ways young children control their own emotions, infants have only limited capacity to regulate their emotional states