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• Elements organic compounds may contain

  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Sulfur
  • Halogens
  • Phosphorus
• Carbon


  • Carbon compounds generally can be detected by heating
  • Evolution of combustible gases, or charring of both indicate the presence of carbon
  • Carbon dioxide is detected by passing the gaseous product through clear barium or calcium hydroxide solution, whereby BaCO3 or CaCO3 is precipitated
• Hydrogen


  • The formation of water H2O is detected by the appearance of droplets on the cooler part of the ignition tube or by its effect on anhydrous copper sulfate, the latter changing to the blue CuSO4·5H2O
• Carbon


  • Tetravalent
  • Catenation: self linking form long chain
  • Non-ionic compound formation
  • Covalent bond formation
• Hydrogen


  • Standard Temperature
  • Standard pressure
  • Nontoxic, nonmetallic, odorless, tasteless, colorless
  • Highly combustible diatomic gas (H2)
• Oxygen


  • Colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas (O2)
  • Member of the chalcogen group
  • Highly reactive nonmetallic element
  • Slightly soluble in water
  • Poor Conductor of heat and electricity
• Nitrogen


  • Colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions
  • Used to make fertilisers, nitric acid, nylon, dyes and explosives
• Lassaigne (sodium fusion) test

  1. Converts the organic compound to NaCN, Na2S, NaX if nitrogen, sulfur and halogens (Cl, Br, I) are present

  2. The aqueous extract of the sodium fusion is tested for cyanide, sulfide and halide ions

  3. The cyanide is converted to ferrocyanide ion by boiling with a ferrous ion
• Calcium hydroxide, saturated


  Ca(OH)2, "Slaked lime" "Hydrated lime", Colorless rhombic, trigonal crystals or white powder; odorless; Slightly butter alkaline taste; Melting point is 1076°F; slightly soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, soluble in glyvol

  
• Barium hydroxide


  Ba(OH)2 or BaH2O2, White powder or colorless monoclinic crystals; Odorless; Melting point is 408°C; Insoluble in acetone; Used as Plastic additive and fuel additive

  
• Anhydrous copper sulfate


  CuSO4, "Blue stone", rhombic crystals; pleasant odor; MP is 590°C; BP is 650°C (decomp to cupric oxide); Very soluble in hot water but soluble in cold water; Elemental use in copper deficiency; management of cramps, disturbances of renal function, peripheral, rheumatic disease

  
• Cupric oxide


  CuO, an inorganic compound; used as a precursor in many copper-containing products such as wood preservatives and ceramics; may be found in over-the-counter vitamin-mineral supplements; poses potential health and environmental concern due to toxic and mutagenic particles generating reactive oxygen species

  
• Sodium metal


  Na, "Natrium", Silvery soft metal that becomes grayish upon exposure to air; Very reactive metal; cubic structure; light, soft, ductile, malleable; BP is 880°C; MP is 97.4°C; Excellent electrical conductivity
• Lead acetate, 10% soln


  (CH3COO)2Pb, "Sugar of lead" "Plumbous acetate", white to gray crystalline solid; Denser than water; Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes; May be toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption; Used in dyes, waterproofing, insecticides, antifouling paints, hair dyes and many other processes
• Sodium nitroprusside solution, 0.1%


  C5FeN6Na2O, "Nitropruss", the disodium salt of nitroprusside; It has a role as a nitric oxide donor and a vasodilator agent
• Silver nitrate, 1% solution

  AgNO3, "Argenti nitras", an inorganic chemical with antiseptic activity; Silver nitrate can potentially be used as a cauterizing or sclerosing agent; appears as a colorless or white crystalline solid becoming black on exposure to light or organic material; often used as a precursor to other silver-containing compounds; It is used in making photographic films, and in laboratory setting as a staining agent in protein visualization in PAGE gels and in scanning electron microscopy
• Copper wire


  Cu, "cuprum" "cobre", an essential trace element that is included in some over-the-counter multivitamin and mineral supplements; Reddish lustrous malleable odorless metallic solid

  
• Acetic acid, 6N


  CH3COOH, "ethanoic acid" "Glacial acetic acid" "Vinegar", a simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons; It has a role as a protic solvent, a food acidity regulator, an antimicrobial food preservative; a clear colorless liquid with a strong odor of vinegar; Flash point 104°F; Density 8.8 lb / gal; Corrosive to metals and tissue; Used to make other chemicals, as a food additive, and in petroleum production
• Hydrochloric acid, 6N


  HCl, "Muriatic acid" "Spirits of salt", a colorless watery liquid with a sharp, irritating odor; Consists of hydrogen chloride, a gas, dissolved in water; Sinks and mixes with water; Produces irritating vapor
• Sulfuric acid, 6N


  H2SO4, "Oil of Vitriol" "Battery acid" "Brown Vitriol", a colorless oily liquid; Corrosive to metals and tissue; Soluble in water with release of heat; Corrosive to metals and tissue
• Glass wool


  SiO2, Silicon dioxide "Cristobalite" "Flintshot", three main crystalline varieties: quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite; Transparent to gray, odorless powder; Irritating to the skin and eyes on contact; Inhalation will cause irritation in the respiratory tract; [Note: Amorphous silica is the non-crystalline form of SiO2]
• Nitric acid, 6N


  HNO3, "red fuming", appears as a pale yellow to reddish brown liquid generating red-brown fumes and having a suffocating odor; Very toxic by inhalation; Corrosive to metals or tissue; Prolonged exposure to low concentrations or short term exposure to high concentrations may result in adverse health effects
• Sodium hydroxide


  NaOH, "Soda lime" "Caustic soda" "Soda lye", appears as a colorless liquid; More dense than water; Contact may severely irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; Toxic by ingestion; Corrosive to metals and tissue; appears as a white solid; Corrosive to metals and tissue; Used in chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, cleaning compounds, drain cleaners