Neuro

• In Bell’s Palsy there is complete paralysis or weakness of all the facial muscles on one side of the face. 
• In Stroke Palsy, weakness affects the lower half of the face on the opposite side of the brain where the stroke occurred. Because the upper forehead receives bilateral motor input, forehead movement is often spared. 
• Cranial Nerve 1 is the olfactory nerve and carries sense of smell to the brain.
• Cranial Nerve 1 is the olfactory nerve and carries sense of smell to the brain.
• Cranial Nerve 2 is the optic nerve and  transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
• Cranial Nerve 2 is the optic nerve and  transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
• Cranial Nerve 3 is the oculomotor nerve and controls most of the eye’s movements.
• Cranial Nerve 3 is the oculomotor nerve and controls most of the eye’s movements.
• Cranial Nerve 4 is the Trochlear Nerve and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which helps in downward and outward movement of the eyeball.
• Cranial Nerve 4 is the Trochlear Nerve and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which helps in downward and outward movement of the eyeball.
• Cranial Nerve 5 is the trigeminal nerve and is both sensory and motor. It has 3 branches – the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches.
• Cranial Nerve 5 is the trigeminal nerve and is both sensory and motor. It has 3 branches – the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular branches.
• Cranial Nerve 6 is the Abducens Nerve. It it controls the lateral rectus muscle which abducts the eye.
• Cranial Nerve 6 is the Abducens Nerve. It it controls the lateral rectus muscle which abducts the eye.
• Cranial Nerve 7 is the facial nerve and provide motor innervation to the muscle of fascial expression and delivers taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue. It also carries parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal and salivary glands.
• Cranial Nerve 7 is the facial nerve and provide motor innervation to the muscle of fascial expression and delivers taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue. It also carries parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal and salivary glands.
• Cranial Nerve 8 is the Vestibulocochlear Nerve. It is primarily sensory and is responsible for hearing and balance and orientation in space.
• Cranial Nerve 8 is the Vestibulocochlear Nerve. It is primarily sensory and is responsible for hearing and balance and orientation in space.
• Cranial Nerve 9 is the Glossopharyngeal Nerve. It provides taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and sensory innervation to the pharynx (the gag reflex). It also provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle which allows for swallowing.
• Cranial Nerve 9 is the Glossopharyngeal Nerve. It provides taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and sensory innervation to the pharynx (the gag reflex). It also provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle which allows for swallowing.
• Cranial Nerve 10 is the Vagus Nerve. It provides parasympathetic nerve sypply to the heart, lungs and digestive tract and controls muscles for voice and speech.
• Cranial Nerve 10 is the Vagus Nerve. It provides parasympathetic nerve sypply to the heart, lungs and digestive tract and controls muscles for voice and speech.
• Cranial Nerve 11 is the accessory nerve. It innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles to fascilitate shoulder shrug and head turning.
• Cranial Nerve 11 is the accessory nerve. It innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles to fascilitate shoulder shrug and head turning.
• Cranial Nerve 12 is the Hypoglossal Nerve. It controls tongue movements essential for speech and swallowing.
• Cranial Nerve 12 is the Hypoglossal Nerve. It controls tongue movements essential for speech and swallowing.
• A lesion of the vagus nerve ( CNX ) may result in deviation of the uvula contralateral to the side of the lesion.
• A lesion of the Hypoglossal Nerve ( CNXII ) may result in deviation of the tongue toward the the side of the lesion.
• -A Central Lesion – also known as an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion – will lead to forehead sparing contralateral facial weakness.

  -A peripheral lesion is a lesion of the facial nerve after it has left the brainstem. Weakness is on the same side as the lesion and it is not forehead sparing. A common example of this is Bell’s Palsy.
• Papilledema is swelling of the optic disc from increased intracranial pressure and compressing the optic nerve ( CNII ). Patients present with an enlarged blind spot and may increasingly lose their peripheral vision
• A lack of consensual pupil reflex and a lack of direct pupil reflex suggests damage to the oculomotor nerve ( CNIII ) as this nerve control the constriction of the pupil.
• A lack of direct pupil reflex but the presence of consensual pupil reflex suggests a lesion of the optic nerve ( CNII ) as this nerve is responsible for transmitting light signals to the brain.
• Ptosis is the medical term for eyelid droop. It is characteristic of damage to the oculomotor nerve ( CNIII ) as this nerve innervates the levator papebrae superioris muscle.
• If the Trochlear Nerve ( CNIV ) is damaged, the patient’s affected eye will have trouble looking down and towards the nose. Patients will also often tilt their head toward the shoulder opposite the affected eye to compensate for the vertical diplopia they experience when looking downward.
• If the Abducens Nerve ( CNVI ) is damaged, the affected eye will deviate medially due to paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle. Patients also report horizontal diplopia.