english

• supernatural so fair and foul a day i have not seen - macbeth act 1 s 3

  macbeth's first lines of the play. echoes the lines of the witches which is the start of the prophecy that Macbeth becomes king
• supernatural

  come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts- Lady Macbeth A1 S5

  she's asking the supernatural for help. beginning to doubt God
• supernatural/guilt

  is this a dagger i see before me?

  Macbeth begins to hallucinate ( his heat oppressed brain) after he killed Duncan- committing regicide ( the king appointed by God). divine rights of kings
• supernatural/guilt

  o full of scorpions is my mind- Macbeth act 3 scene 5

  scorpions(dangerous and deadly) his dark ambition is overcoming his stable brain.
• abuse of power and kingship

  o valiant cousin, worthy gentleman- Duncan

  Macbeth's loyalty was being rewarded
• power and kingship

  a good and virtuous nature may recoil in an imperial change- Malcolm

  this differs from Duncan's fatal flaw of guliblity and trusting people like Macbeth
• power and kingship

  we have scorched the snake not killed it

  reflects his growing paranoia and feels the need to do more to secure his place as king which isn't rightfully his
• appearance vs reality

  there's no art to find the minds construction in the face - Duncan (dramatic irony)

  Duncan says people cannot be trusted and judged but this is very ironic as he trusted Macbeth
• appearance

  look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it - similie and metaphor Lady Macbeth act 1 scene 5

  LM is becoming like the devil. The devil disguised himself as a serpent to deceive Adam and Eve
• ambition/ guilt

  'stars hide your fires, let your light not see my black and deep desires- Macbeth Act 1 Scene 4 (juxtaposition- black and light and alliteration-deep desires)

  personification of the stars

  religious imagery - scared of God seeing his wrongdoings

  he acknowledges he's committing a sin
• supernatural

  "None of woman born shall harm Macbeth"; "Fear not, till Birnam Wood do come to Dunsinane

  the witches assure Macbeth that nothing can come in the way of him becoming king
• ambition/supernatural

  come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here- Lady Macbeth (imperative verb) metaphor

  links to 'take my milk for gall'

  juxtaposes the typical woman

  she wants her feminine features taken away from her as women were seen to be vulnerable to emotions
• ambition/guilt

  whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs A1 S3 (personification)

  the regicide he committed is beginning to affect him- link to the Gunpowder plot
• context for Macbeth

  Guy Fawkes and the Catholics conspired to kill king James the first.

  it was written in the Jacobean era. Jacobean England was a hierarchical society with strict social classes arranged in tiers like a pyramid.
• Macbeth/appearance

  so fair and foul a day i have not seen

  he is presented as malleable and susceptible to the witches. he emulates the witches oxymoronic terms. he is a mouthpiece for the witches evil and a vessel for their misconduct

  witches use their malevolent powers to deceive Macbeth.
• christmas carol context

  was written in the 19th century (1843)

  1834 Poor law amendment act- poor people who couldn't fend for themselves were sent to workhouses
• conditions were very harsh in workhouses.... families were seperated, no insurance, children were chimney sweepers. and they did tedious jobs for little to no payment
• massive poverty in the Victorian Era

  increase in cholera disease(poor sanitation)

  infant mortality rate was around 33% in london
• Thomas Malthus believed that wars and famines were natural checks on the world's population
• 'a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner' - Scrooge

  onomatopoeia and listing of adjectives

  the idea of sin is Christian which sets us up for his transformation

  emphasizes how much he didn't care
• ' as solitary as an oyster'

  'hard and sharp as flint'

  similie

  Scrooge is presented as misanthropic and careless
• 'the heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet'- pathetic fallacy, anaphora

  depicts Scrooge is worse than the bad weather. he treated others cold heartedly
• Fred is the antithesis of Scrooge as 'his face was ruddy and handsome' whereas Scrooge's is 'as if a frost had entered his very bones'
• The ghost of christmas present represents the consequences of scrooges actions. He sees the suffering caused by his greediness and selfishness. The ghost also shows him the good things about life such as love and happiness which he missed out on because of his obsession with money.
• ' the cold within him froze his old features ' - stave 1

  (extended metaphor- conceit)

  dickens does this to exacerbate Scrooge's internal cold and apathetic nature. the fact that his internal cold manifests physically, show the omnipotence of his emotions
• 'are there no workhouses.... are there no prisons' - Act 1

  this echoes the words of thomas malthus and the poor law amendment act in 1834
• 'if they would rather die.....they had better do it to decrease the surplus population'

  scrooge was used as a tool to shed light on the ideas of Thomas Malthus
• 'I wear the chain i forged in life' - Marley's ghost

  dickens depicts marley as a character to depict the consequences of people not changing their ways. this assists scrooge to be a better person
• 'no more work tonight, Christmas eve'

  Fezziwig is the antithesis of Scrooge. he encourages the apprentices to close early for Christmas whereas Scrooge doesn't let Bob Crachit have the day off on Christmas. he embraces Christmas and treats his workers like family.