Affects of the ANS

• suprarenal medullae

  sympathetic - secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

  parasympathetic - n/a
• lacrimal

  sympathetic - SLIGHT secretion of tears

  parasympathetic - secretion of tears
• pancreas

  sympathetic - inhibits the secretion of digestive enzymes and insulin; promotes glucagon secretion

  parasympathetic - secretion of digestive enzymes and insulin
• adipose tissue

  sympathetic - lipolysis and release of fatty acids into blood

  parasympathetic - n/a
• liver

  sympathetic - glycogenolysis, glucogenesis, and decrease bile secretion

  parasympathetic - glycogen synthesis and increase bile secretion
• kidney

  sympathetic - secretion of renin

  parasympathetic - n/a
• posterior pituitary

  sympathetic - secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  parasympathetic - n/a
• pineal gland

  sympathetic - melatonin secretion

  parasympathetic - n/a
• sweat gland

  sympathetic - increase sweating in most body regions; sweating in palms and soles

  parasympathetic - n/a
• cardiac muscle

  sympathetic - increase heart rate and force of ventricular contractions

  parasympathetic - decrease heart rate and force of atrial contraction
• kidney arterioles

  sympathetic - blood vessels constrict = decrease urine volume

  parasympathetic - n/a
• systemic veins

  sympathetic - contraction = constriction = relaxation = dilation

  parasympathetic - n/a
• gallbladder and ducts

  sympathetic - relaxation to facilitate storage of bile

  parasympathetic - contraction = releases bile into small intestine
• stomach and intestines

  sympathetic - decreased motility and tone; sphincters contract

  parasympathetic - increased motility and tone; sphincters relax
• spleen

  sympathetic - contraction and discharge of stored blood into general circulation

  parasympathetic - n/a
• ureter

  sympathetic & parasympathetic - increase motility
• urinary bladder

  sympathetic - muscular wall relaxes; internal urethral sphincter contracts

  parasympathetic - muscular wall contracts; internal urethral sphincter relaxes
• uterus

  sympathetic - inhibits contraction in NON-pregnant women; promotes contraction in PREGNANT women

  parasympathetic - minimal effect
• sex organs

  Sympathetic (males) - contraction of smooth muscle of ductus deferens, prostate, and seminal glands = ejaculation

  Parasympathetic - vasodilation; erection of clitoris (females) and penis (males)
• arrector muscles of hair

  Sympathetic - contraction = erection of hairs = "goose-bumps"

  Parasympathetic - n/a
• iris, radial muscle

  Sympathetic - contraction = dilation of pupil

  Parasympathetic - n/a
• iris, CIRCULAR muscle

  Sympathetic - n/a

  Parasympathetic - contraction = constriction of pupil
• ciliary muscle of the eye

  Sympathetic - lens relax (distant vision)

  Parasympathetic - lens contraction (close vision)
• lungs, bronchial muscle

  Sympathetic - relaxation = airway dilation

  Parasympathetic - contraction = airway constriction