final exam

• Characteristics of subphylum vertebrata

  • notochord is replaced by spinal column
  • well developed brain and sensory organs
  • complete digestive system
• modifications of body for marine way of life

  • light or spongy bones
  • teeth, tusks, or baleen
  • gills or lungs
• migration

  • both birds and marine mammals start with a late summer/fall feeding ground to spring/summer breeding ground
  • for sea birds, breeding is north in relation to the feeding grounds
  • starts by changes in body fat, hormones, and seasonal cues
• amniotic egg

  • egg with outer protective shell and several specialized internal membranes for a realm
  • each membrane has a certain role
• altricial

  • when a young bird hatches naked and isn't able to do much
• precocial

  
  

  • when a young bird hatches with feathers, open eyes, stand upright, and more
• rookery

  • breeding area of both sea birds and mammals
  • isolated, remote islands, or broad sandy beach
  • water offshore are nutrient rich
• cloaca

  • opening of birds that serves as passage and receptacle for sex cells
• feathers

  • derivation of the outer germ or tissue layer
  • long and strong for flight
  • numerous and short for contour (shape)
  • soft and fluffy for insulation
• display behaivors

  • males establish territory
  • males attract females
  • reinforce a pair-bond
• imprinting

  • immediate recognition and remembrance of a parent on first view after hatching from egg
• billing

  • fencing done with their beaks during the display and courtship rituals they preform
• gular fluttering

  • panting done by boobies with their throat pouches to control body temperature
• creche

  • nursery area in the penguin colony where 5 mons to 1 year old babies are put for safety when both parents search for food
  • monitored by adults who are not busy raising babies
• characteristics of Aves

  • webbed feet or lobed toes
  • drink salt water and excrete salt
  • simple nestings
• Order procellariiformes

  • tube nosed, hooked beak, large body, long courtships, mates for life
  • Wandering Albatross
  • Waved Albatross
  • Fulmars
  • Shearwaters
• Order Podicipediformes

  • short legs, lobed toes, great drivers
  • Western gull
• Order pelecaniformes

  • large bodies, good drivers, hooked beak, fish eaters, throat pouches
  • CA brown pelican
  • Cormorant
  • Man of War or Frigate
  • Boobies
• Order ciconiiformes

  • wading birds, large bodies, long legs, long toes, long neck, slender bills
  • Great Blue Heron
  • Common and Snowy Egret
• Order charadriiformes

  • all shore birds, where surf meets sand
  • Gulls
  • Sandpipers
  • Curlew
  • Terns
• order sphenisciformes

  • stocky, black and white birds, short wings, only on southern hemisphere, krill eaters
  • Jackass Penguin
  • Macaroni Penguin
  • Emperor Penguin
• characteristics of class mammalia (marine mammals)

  • presence of hair
  • well developed muscles
  • efficient circulatory system
  • thick skin
• mammal

  
  

  • having mammary glands (lactation glands)
  • warm blooded and maintain body temperature
  • live births
  • glands like sweat and oil
  • hair or fur
• nictitating membrane

  • transparent "eyelid"
  • helps them see underwater without the eyes suffering from drying effects of salt water
• harem

  • once a bull (male pinniped) established his territory and the females are done birthing, he will herd as many females as he can into his territory
• delayed implantation

  • 3 month arrested development of a new baby seal or sea lion so that at the end of its 9 month gestation period, it will be born on land
  • the mom swims to the land on a 12 month basis
• rafting

  • sea lions extending one or more flippers out of the water to regulate body temperature
• short limbed

  • front flippers that only has a portion of the limb from the elbow down
• white coats

  • pure white coat baby seals have up until they're 1
  • after 1 year, they get gray patterning
• pods

  • whales that travel in groups for protection, support, etc
• melon

  • large forehead, seen on toothed whales
  • collection of fatty tissue and oil that acts as an acoustical lens
  • concentrate on sounds bouncing off other objects toward and into their inner ear
• homodont

  all toothed whales have teeth that are all exactly the same size and shape
• echolocation

  • sonar sound used by whales to locate and determine size and speed of something else in the water
• counter-current flow

  • warmth of arterial blood is radiated to the cold venous returning blood to prevent lost of heat
  • keeps the heat near the center of the body
  • arteries and veins are close together
• teeth vs baleen

  • baleen is derived from the ridges located on the roof of the mouth and replace teeth that are seen in the fetal state
  • allows whales to feed closer to the base of food chain
• breaching

  bring their full body out of the water
• lob-tailing

  slapping of the water surface by the whale's tail fluke
• anustoral

  internal hind-limbs that whales have
• edentulous

  • manatees' teeth are replaced over time with chewing, resulting in a new set of teeth
• induced ovulation

  • an energy saving strategy in polar bears to not waste sex cells
  • ovulate and release an egg upon the male's mating