bio final exam

• Atom Structure


  protons (+) and neutrons are in the nucleus; electrons (-) form negative cloud around it

  
• Atomic Number


  number of protons; the same elements have the same number

  - equal to the number of electrons

  
• Atomic Mass

  protons and neutrons combined
• Hydroxide ion (OH-)


  the basic end of pH scale (above 7)
• Hydrogen ion (H+)


  the acidic end of pH scale (under 7)
• pH equation

  pH = -log[H+]
• Ex. pH problem: Beginning with a solution of pH 7 you decrease the [H+] by a factor of 100 what is the new pH of the solution?

  9

  (because you are taking away H+ so you are moving towards basic. You move 2 numbers because there are 2 zeros.)
• Hydroxyl group (OH)

  oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) bonded

  
• Carbonyl group (C=O)


  carbon forms double bond with oxygen

  
• Carboxyl group (—COOH)


  carbon bound to an oxygen and OH

  
• Amino group (—NH2)


  nitrogen bound to 2 hydrogens (H)

  
• Sulfhydryl group (—SH)


  Two —SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure

  
• Phosphate group (—OPO32−)


  Phosphorus bound to 4 oxygens

  
• Methyl group (—CH3)


  Carbon bound to 3 hydrogen

  
• Carbohydrate


  a macromolecule that is a polysaccharide; simplest carb is a monosaccharide; serve as fuel and building material ex. glucose and fructose

  
• Lipids


  diverse group of hydrophobic molecules; are not polymers ex. fats, steroids, and phospholipids
• Fats


  energy storage; consists of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids

  - saturated: one double bond (animal fats)

  - unsaturated: two double bonds (oils)

  
• Phospholipids


  2 fatty acid tails (hydrophilic) and (hydrophobic) phosphate heads; when added into water it assembles a bilayer (2 layered sheets in cell membrane)

  
• Steriods


  lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings

  
• Proteins


  biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides made up of amino acids

  
• Nucleic Acids


  store, transmit, and help express hereditary information; polymers called polynucleotides (DNA strands)

  
• Plasma Membrane


  selective permeable barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell; made of phospholipids; proteins in it help move material
• Nuclear Envelope


  encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm; double membrane where each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer

  
• Nucleolus


  located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production

  
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  Biosynthetic Factory that consists of the smooth ER and rough ER
• Smooth ER


  lacks ribosomes

  - Makes lipids (fats)

  - Metabolizes carbohydrates

  - Detoxifies drugs and poisons

  - Stores calcium ions

  
• Rough ER


  - Has bound ribosomes, which secreteglycoproteins(proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)- Distributestransport vesicles(secretory proteins surrounded by membranes)- Is a membrane factory for the cell

  
• Golgi Apparatus


  shipping and receiving center- consists of flattened membranous sacs calledcisternae- Modifies products of the ER- Manufactures certain macromolecules- Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

  
• Lysosome


  membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can DIGEST macromolecules; digests food or breaks down old material

  
• Vacuoles


  storage compartment; large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus- Can store food-Contractile Vacuole: contracts water out usually in aquatic cells-Central Vacuoles:stores water in plants

  
• Mitochondria


  site of cellular respiration; where a metabolic process happens that uses oxygen to generate ATP; chemical energy conversion- Has outer and inner membranes-Matrix: reactions happen here

  
• Chloroplast


  site of photosynthesis in plants leaves and algae; contains the green pigmentchlorophyll, as well as enzymes- One of a group of plant organelles calledPlastids

  
• Cytoskeleton


  network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles; helps transport materials- Helps support cell and maintain shape- Interacts withmotor proteinsto produce cell motility- vesicles move along its tracks- microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

  
• Osmosis


  diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high water to low water concentration
• Hypotonic


  water filled; low solute

  
• Hypertonic


  high solute; low water

  
• Isotonic


  equal solute concentration

  
• Enzyme Reaction Graph


  A: catalyzed reaction

  B: activation energy without catalyst

  C: free energy (same in all reactions)

  D: activation energy with catalyst

  E: uncatalyzed reaction

  
• Cellular Respiration


  Glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide, water, and energy

  we eat and breathe in, then breathe out and have energy

  
• Redox Reaction in Cellular Respiration

  glucose is oxidized (losing electrons)

  oxygen is reduced (gaining electrons)