PURCOM(Globalization)

• Globalization


  The free and comprehensive interaction of countries in the world in the areas of politics, economics, society, technology, and culture
• History of Globalization

  • The Silk Road
  • Alexander the Great
  • European Colonies
  • The Galleon Trade
  • Industrial Revolution
  • 21st Century
• The Silk Road


  • Trade route between China and different countries, during the 207 BCE – 220 CE helped in the spread of globalization in history
  • Had a big contribution in expanding the exchange of ideas and people's knowledge that included goods such as silk, porcelain, spices, and other resources from the East
• Alexander the Great


  • Invasions by Alexander the Great were among the reasons behind the hastening of globalization
  • In 334 BC, he brought the culture of Ancient Greek to Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe
• European Colonies


  • The conquest and subsequent establishment of European colonies in different parts of the world is also one of the reasons for globalization
  • One of the goals of Europeans was to bring and spread Christianity in these places which they colonized
  • The Christian missionaries from Europe also spread Christianity in Latin America in 1492 as well as in the Philippines in 1521
• The Galleon Trade


  • When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, the tobacco harvested here was brought by the Spaniards to Mexico and sold there
  • This happened in 1565 to 1815
• Industrial Revolution


  • During the 19th century, various and modern inventions, industries, and equipment were developed
  • The building materials came from different parts of the world
  • The products were then transported and sold in different parts of the world
• 21st Century


  • With the development of technology, the use of satellites, mile-long fiber optic cables, and the World Wide Web flourished
• Drivers of Globalization

  • Colonization
  • Diaspora or Migration
  • Technologies
• Virtual Interactions


  • Globalization has introduced virtual communications and collaboration as a major part of workplace dynamics
  • Modern entrepreneurs need to understand the strengths and limitations of different communications media, and how to use each medium to maximum effect
• Cultural Awareness in Speech


  • The need for cultural awareness is a major impact of globalization on the required skill set of effective communicators
  • Modern entrepreneurs and employees need the ability to catch subtle nuances of people's manner of speech when communicating across cultures
  • Even when two people are speaking the same language, cultural differences can affect vocabulary, colloquial expressions, voice tone, and taboo topics
• Cultural Awareness in Body Language


  • Awareness of cultural differences in body language can be just as important as the nuances of speech
  • Students should understand acceptable speaking distances, conflict styles, eye contact, and posture in different cultures, accepting that the physical expressions of their own culture are not universally accepted
  • These differences should be addressed to avoid difficulties or miscommunication
• Time Differences


  • The advent of global collaboration introduces another new dynamic to communication skills – the need to communicate and share information with people across several time zones
  • When people collaborate with others on the other side of the globe, their counterparts are usually at home asleep while they themselves are at work
  • Today's communication skills development programs should address the nuances of overcoming this challenge by teaching people to understand the information needs of their colleagues, according to the communication styles of different countries or cultures
  • Being able to share effectively information between shifts can make or break the productivity of a geographically dispersed team, making this an important issue for many companies
• High-Context Cultures

  • Rely on implicit communication and nonverbal cues
  • A message cannot be understood without a great deal of background information
  • Asian, African, Arab, central European and Latin American cultures are generally considered to be high-context cultures
• High-Context Cultures


  • Relationships build slowly and depend on trust
  • Productivity depends on relationships and the group process
  • An individual's identity is rooted in groups (family, culture, work)
  • Social structure and authority are centralized
• High-Context Cultures


  • Nonverbal elements such as voice tone, gestures, facial expression and eye movement are significant
  • Verbal messages are indirect, and communication is seen as an art form or way of engaging someone
  • Disagreement is personalized, and a person is sensitive to conflict expressed in someone else's nonverbal communication
• High-Context Cultures


  • Space is communal
  • People stand close to each other and share the same space
• High-Context Cultures


  • Everything has its own time, and time is not easily scheduled
  • Change is slow, and time is a process that belongs to others and nature
• High-Context Cultures

  • Multiple sources of information are used
  • Thinking proceeds from general to specific
  • Learning occurs by observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing
  • Groups are preferred, and accuracy is valued
• Low-Context Cultures


  • Rely on explicit communication
  • More of the information in a message is spelled out and defined
  • Cultures with western European roots, such as the United States and Australia, are generally considered to be low-context cultures
• Low-Context Cultures


  • Relationships begin and end quickly
  • Productivity depends on procedures and paying attention to the goal
  • The identity of individuals is rooted in themselves and their accomplishments
  • Social structure is decentralized
• Low-Context Cultures

  • Nonverbal elements are not significant
  • Verbal messages are explicit, and communication is seen as a way of exchanging information, ideas and opinions
  • Disagreement is depersonalized; the focus is on rational (not personal) solutions
  • An individual can be explicit about another person's bothersome behavior
• Low-Context Cultures


  • Space is compartmentalized
  • Privacy is important, so people stand farther apart
• Low-Context Cultures


  • Events and tasks are scheduled and to be done at particular times
  • Change is fast, and time is a commodity to be spent or saved
  • One's time is one's own
• Low-Context Cultures


  • One source of information is used
  • Thinking proceeds from specific to general
  • Learning occurs by following the explicit directions and explanations of others
  • Individual orientation is preferred, and speed is valued
• Varieties of Spoken and Written Language

  • Local everyday written
  • Local everyday oral
  • Local specialized written
  • Local specialized oral
  • Global everyday written
  • Global everyday oral
  • Global specialized written
  • Global specialized oral
• World Englishes (WE)

  • Localized varieties of English as they are used or spoken in certain areas
  • Introduced by Braj Kachru in the Asian context
• Three Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes

  • Inner Circle - English as a native language (ENL)
  • Outer Circle - English as a second language (ESL)
  • Expanding Circle - English as a foreign language (EFL)
• Differences between British English and American English

  • barrister/lawyer
  • phone box/phone booth
  • aeroplane/airplane
  • biscuit/cookie
  • post code/zip code
  • match/game
  • round brackets/parentheses
  • postman/mailman
  • car park/parking lot
  • prawn/shrimp
  • caretaker/janitor
  • chemist's shop/pharmacy
  • Father Christmas/Santa Claus
  • cooker/stove
  • crisps/chips
  • crossroads/intersection
  • curriculum vitae/résumé
  • dinner jacket/tuxedo
  • engaged/busy
  • flat/apartment
  • football/soccer
  • garden/yard
  • holiday/vacation
  • lift/elevator
  • letterbox/mailbox
  • wardrobe/closet
  • trolley/pushcart
  • trousers/pants
  • petrol/gas
• Language Register


  Refers to the formality of language which one speaks
• Types of Language Register

  • Formal
  • Informal
  • Frozen
  • Consultative
  • Casual
  • Intimate
• Formal Register


  • Used in formal speaking and writing situations
• Informal Register


  • More casual in tone and is appropriate for people with whom one has established a more personal relationship as in the case of friends and relatives
• Frozen Register


  • Also called the static register, refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or prayer
• Formal Register


  • Less rigid but still constrained, used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained
  • Slang is never used, and contractions are rare
• Consultative Register


  • Used in conversation when speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice
  • Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles) but may be more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly
  • Slang is sometimes used, people may pause or interrupt one another
• Casual Register


  • Used when with friends, close acquaintances and co-workers, and family
  • Use of slang, contractions, and vernacular grammar is all common, and people may also use expletives or off-color language in some settings
• Intimate Register


  • Reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in private
  • May be something as simple as an inside joke between two college friends or a word whispered in a lover's ear