21st

• EUROPEAN LITERATURE Modernism - Explored new forms and style of writings. (Stream of Consciousness)
• European Literature Romantic Period - Romanticism
• European Literature Age of Reason - Philosophical and political writings.
• European Renaissance Period - People were concerned with individualism, as well as self and societal improvement.
• European Medieval Period Two well-known literary writers from the religious aspect: Dante Alighieri (whose Divine Comedy depicts the three realms of afterlife) and St. Augustine (Whose the Confession and City of God last as spiritual foundation up to this day.)
• Dante Alighieri - whose Divine Comedy depicts the three realms of afterlife, in europe
• St. Augustine - Whose the Confession and City of God last as spiritual foundation up to this day, in Europe
• (EUROPE) Classical Period - The plays of comedy and tragedy became popular. The Greek tradition was later endured by the Romans
• (EUROPE) Ancient Period- The first Old Testaments of the Bible which was composed of 39 books in Hebrew language.
• (EUROPE) Ancient Period - Timeless epics: Iliad and Odyssey.
• EUROPEAN LITERATURE - Greece and Rome are considered the birth place of European Literature.
• (LATIN AMERICAN) THE BOOM - A huge BOOM in number of important novels was produced.
• (LATIN AMERICAN) The boom - Used literary invention in narratives to express cultural heritage.
• (LATIN AMERICAN) The boom - Experimented with language and structure, often injecting fantasy and fragmenting space
• (LATIN AMERICAN) RELIGION: CATHOLICISM - Many Latin American countries have large Catholic populations.
• (LATIN AMERICAN) POLITICAL: SOCIAL PROTEST AND EXPLOITATION - Many Latin American countries have gone through periods of social unrest.
• (LATIN AMERICAN) GENDER ROLES - Traditionally, older customs and cultural traditions prevail. Women were expected to be obedient and uphold the family honor.
• Common Themes in Latin American

  • Family
  • Poverty
• FAMILY - It is considered one’s strongest bond and loyalty
• POVERTY- It is largely an issue because of the desperate situations in which many Latin American countries find themselves.
• Literature Common Topics In Latin American

  • Stories revolve around universal themes and explore interpersonal relationships.
  • Roots in legends and myths.
  • Oral traditions
  • Stories also have religious or political content.
• Important Writers In Latin American

  1. Garcia Marquez
  2. Jorge Luis Borges
  3. Alejo Carpentier
  4. Toni Morrison
• Magical Realism - genre of literature that depicts the real world as having an undercurrent of magic or fantasy.
• Magical realism - part of the realism genre of fiction.
• Garcia Marquez's: " One Hundred Years of Solitude” - FIRST celebrated text that used magical realism.
• Latin American stories use many METAPHORS.
• Metaphors help build the theme of a story
• India Caste System

  • Brahmins- priest, the highest caste
  • Kshatriyas- warriors and kings.
  • Shudras- Manual Laborers
  • Vaishyas- merchants.
  • Untouchables- (dalits)
• Mahabharata and Ramayana - two great books
• The Rig Veda- A book of sacred hymns.
• The Yajur Veda - A book of knowledge and melodies for the hymn
• The Sama Veda - Descriptions of the materials for sacrifice
• The Artharva Veda - Contain magic spells.
• Hinduism - Says we create karma by our actions on earth
• Reincarnation - The belief that the soul repeatedly goes through a cycle of being born into a body, dying and being reborn again in a new body.
• Karma - a force that determines the quality of each life, depending on how well one behaved in a past life.
• Sanskrit literature - Oral tradition produced the Vedic holy text.
• The principal genre of Chinese literature is POETRY
• Drama - one of China's least well-developed, popular entertainment (Yuan dynasty)
• Culture and Traditions Chinese

  • Chinese Zodiac Lucky and Unlucky numbers
  • Ancient Marriage Customs
  • Traditional Chinese clothes were an evolution of their long, loose, straight-cut jackets and pants gowns.