pharmacy

• writing sample - rubric

  content

  development

  organization

  language use
• bloom's taxonomy


  create

  evaluate

  analyze

  apply

  understand

  remember
• passive learning


  surface level understanding
• active learning


  interactive engagement
• the study cycle


  before class

  in class

  after class

  study

  test
• intense study session


  study plan: 3 minutes

  study: 45 minutes

  break: 10 minutes

  review: 5 minutes
• three resources available for studying

  tutoring center

  academic coaching

  OASIS
• Common pathways fro Pre-Pharm

  1: pre-pharm: pharmd: community practice

  2: pre-pharm: pharmd: residency: speciality practice
• inpatient pharmacy examples


  academic

  government

  public

  HMO: Kaiser

  Non-profit
• role of inpatient pharmacy

  • receive medication orders for patients in the hospital
  • review medication orders for accuracy and appropriateness
  • prepare medications according to the institution-specific guidelines
  • monitor patients' response to drugs
• inpatient pharmacy operations


  order review

  transcription

  dispensing: sterile and non-sterile

  administering

  monitoring
• outpatient and community pharmacy models

  chain pharmacy

  independent pharmacy

  health-system pharmacy

  online pharmacies
• outpatient/community pharmacy role

  • prescription and non-prescription drugs are filled for patients with medical conditions
  • prescriptions can be picked up, mailed, or delivered, depending on model
  • depending on the pharmacy model, patients can receive vaccines or access medical devices
• outpatient/community pharmacy operations

  prescription received by pharmacy

  data entry

  clinical review

  filling

  final product verification

  consultation
• outpatient/community pharmacy: transitions of care

  • follow up with patients recently discharged from hospitals
  • follow up telephone call to check for medication-related problems
  • goal is to minimize the risk for hospital readmission or death
• clinical ambulatory care models

  HMO: Kaiser

  academic

  public health systems

  for profit health systems

  community pharmacies
• clinical ambulatory care role

  • pharmacists function as physician extenders
  • utilize collaborative practice agreement to prescribe medications
  • telehealth visits with patients
  • in-person clinic visits with patients
  • longitudinal care for patients
• social determinants of health

  • medication cost
  • cultural or literacy barriers
  • safe and affordable housing
  • food security
  • unmet needs
  • social isolation
  • transportation
• PBM

  pharmacy benefit managers
• subcommittees of the P&T committee

  antimicrobial stewardship

  anticoagulation task force

  nursing/pharmacy

  formulary management

  medication safety

  nutrition subcommittee

  medication utilization management
• administration: medication safety pharmacist

  • part of multidisciplinary committee
  • reviews occurrence reports
  • identifies weaknesses in medication management process
  • ensures safe use of high-risk, error-prone medications
• pharmacogenomics

  • decreased sequencing costs
  • rise in consumer interest for genetic test
• continuing education: california board of pharmacy

  • 30 hours of continuing education every 2 years
  • CE courses must be accredited by ACPE or CPhA
• mandatory CE courses


  law and ethics: 2 hours

  cultural competency: 1 hour
• primary literature examples

  • original research or scientific discoveries
  • immediate results of research activities
  • includes analysis of data collected in field or lab
• examples of primary literature in the sciences

  • journal publications
  • dissertations
  • technical reports
  • conference proceedings
• primary research article components

  abstract

  introduction

  methods or materials and methods

  results

  discussion

  references
• advantage of primary literature

  the most current information on a topic
• scenarios for using primary literature: pharmacists/interns

  IRB proposals

  clinical presentations

  drug information questions

  drug monographs
• pro's of secondary literature

  • provides initial information on topic
  • extensive bibliography
• con's of secondary literature

  • broader and less current
• disease state review

  • long time since pharmacy school lecture
  • long time since evidence-based guidelines were published
• new drug review

  • encounter it at work
  • see headlines, etc.
• disease state review elements

  • epidemiology/pathophysiology
  • diagnosis
  • treatment
  • conclusion
  • references
• drug review

  • introduction, background, epidemiology
  • treating disease, pharmacology, clinical trials
  • safety, expert, opinion, references
• tertiary literature examples

  • textbooks
  • dictionaries
  • handbooks
• pro's tertiary literature

  • summaries or condensed versions of materials
  • good place to look up facts or get a general overview of a subject
  • include primary and secondary literature references
• con's tertiary literature

  • broader and less current than primary and secondary literature
• databases for drug information

  • micromedex: quality is variable: need to check references
  • lexicomp: use with caution: many errors detected in practice
  • uptodate: good starting point: best to compare literature search with references
• federal and state pharmacy laws, regulations and statutes dictate:

  • what information is required for a valid prescription
  • how a prescription must be dispensed
  • what information must appear on prescription drug label