poultry

• POULTRY domesticated and commercialized types of birds used for production of eggs, meat, and other products
• Domestication sustained multi-generational mutualistic relationship
• Symbiotic relationship a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits
• Mutualism two species relationship in which both species benefit
• Commensalism two species relationship in which one species benefits from the other without affecting it
• Parasitism two species relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of the other
• Skin + Appendages beak, comb, wattles- feathers- scales, claws/naisl
• Integument Function -protection - regulation of body temperature - flight -secondary sex characteristics - sensory- food procurement
• Skin - comparatively thin and delicate - relatively free of secretory glandsuropygial gland ( oil gland, preen gland) maintain feather structure integrity waterproofing female pheronome activity
• Uropygial gland gets cut off
• Skin color depends on combination of pigments yellow- carotenoids black- melanic pigments broilers: selected for yellow skin and shanks turkey: does not deposit yellow pigment from diet in its skin
• Broilers Skin selected for yellow skin and shanks
• Turkey no yellow pigment from diet in skin
• Comb, wattles Functions - secondary sex characteristics - development related to gonad activity - regulation of body temperature - ornamentation
• Feathers 1. contour feathers - outer most feathers (flight, body)2. Plumules - soft downy undercoat 3. Filoplumes - hair like
• Feather Structure composed of B-keratin - color includes pigments (melanin and carotenoids)Structural: blue, iridescence, ultraviolet economically important breeds: white
• Feathers orgin Feathers originate from distinct tracts (pterylae)
• Feather follicles  formed during embryonic development - produces a series of feather throughout the life of the bird
• Why not have birds with little feathers more energy/ nutrients directed to grow decreased cost at slaughter hot climate ability
• Naked neck - iconompletely dominate- controlled by one gene
• Disease any condition that results in deviation from normal functionany abnormal condition that impairs bodily functions in an organism
• Disease agents  bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi
• non-infectious agents chemical, physical, lack or excess vitamins and minerals
• External signs -skin, eye, leg, and foot lesions- possible diseases/conditions
• Fowl Pox Virus disease: avian poxvirus slow spreading affects all poultry of all ages -  scab-like lesions on unfeathered areas lesions in mouth, upperdigestive tract, res[iratory tractmild-moderate drop in production - low mortality
• Fowl Pox Transmission + Control -airborne (virus containing crusts and scabs )- enters blood stream via eye, skin wounds, respiratory - mosquitoes and other biting insects Prevention: good management+ strict biosecurity insect control reduce skin trauma vaccination
• Gangrenous Dermatitis  ?necrotic dermatitis - acute, highly fatal skin infection -predominately young, intensively raised chickens 4-20 weeks old- broilers, layers, broiler breeders?
• Signs of Gangrenous dermatitis  "suddent sharp increase in mortality 1-60%-darkened gangrenous skin (necrotic)cutaneous sloughing, feather lossSerosanguineous cellulitis "
• G Dermatitis Prevent/control -eliminate source of skin trauma mechanical feeders, cannibalismImprove sanitationantiobiotics vaccination good management + strict biosecurity
• Food pad dermatitis pododermatitis, food burn, foodpad lesions1980s- inflammation and necrotic lesions on plantar surface of footpadsulcers may develop
• Causes of Foot pad dermatitis - wet litter -softens footpad and prone to damage
• Breast Blisters Keel cyst- inflammation of the sternal bursa -swollen and flui-filled-bruising, discoloration- thinning of feathers, reddening of skin, blisters, scabs
• Breast Blister Prevention - good litter management - control leg problems
• Mites -not host specific (all avian species)-feed on blood, feathers, skins, scales - treatment on birds and environment
• Chicken Mite/ Northern fowl Mite Dermanyssus gallinae/ Ornithonyssus sylviarum-hemotophagous ectoparasites - anemia -weight loss-decrease in egg production
• Scaly leg mite Knemidocoptes mutans-into tissue under the leg scales -infected skin - direct application of an oil-based product
• Lice  Body LouseShaft louse head louse
• Lice- Feed on feathers, debris, skin scales, entire life on host, insignificant on older birds causes debilitation in younger or sick birds
• Poultry Effciency - Poultry convert feed to food efficiently - integrated production systems- poultry products are inexpensive and versatile - short generation time and high fecundity
• Total Value  77 Billion up 67% from 2021