Cellular Respiration

• Mitochondria diagram:

  1)Cristae

  2) Matrix

  3) outer membrane

  4) inner membrane

  
• Cellular Respiration

  The process where mitochondria break down (oxidize) carbohydrates and other energy-rich products (like lipid) derived from them, to produce ATP
• Chemical Equations

  C6H12O6 (s)+ 6O2 (g)→ 6CO2 (g)+ 6H2O (l)+ 36 ATP
• Glycolysis


  The first step in cellular respiration
• Glycolysis

  1. Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell

  2. Does not require oxygen, but the process takes place whether oxygen is available or not
• Anaerobic conditions

  If no oxygen is available for the cell, fermentation will occur
• 1. Lactate fermentation (ex//muscle cells)


  Pyruvate → Lactate
• 2. Alcohol fermentation (ex// yeast)


  Pyruvate → CO₂ + Ethanol
• Fermentation

  Metabolic pathway that includes glycolysis and other reactions in which NADH is oxidized to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to other compounds
• Fermentation only produces 2 ATP from glycolysis. Lactate and ethonol still contain bonds the can be broken to release energy = unused energy
• Aerobic Respiration


  Occurs when oxygen is available
• Aerobic Respiration

  • Glucose is completely broken down/oxidized and maximum ATP is produced
  • Occurs in Mitochondria
• Stages of Aerobic Respiration

  1. Krebs cycle preparation (in Matrix)

  2. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) (in Matrix)

  3. ETS/chemiosmosis (in inner membrane)
• Total ATP count (Aerobic Respiration)

  • Glycolysis: 2 ATP and 2 NADH (x3 ATP= 6 ATP)
  • Krebs prep + cycle: 2 ATP, 8 NADH (x3 ATP= 6 ATP), 2 FADH2 (x2 ATP= 4)
  • Total ATP= 38 ATP - 2 ATP = 36 ATP (subtract 2 becuase 2 ATP are required to move pyruvate into mitochondria)
• Outer membrane

  separates the intermembrane space from the cytoplasm and is the site where material exchange occurs (permeable to small molecules)
• Inner membrane

  the active site for the electron transport chain and ATP production
• Cristae

  increases the capacity of the mitochondria to synthesize ATP (inner membrane is folded to form cristae)
• Matrix

  the fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of a mitochondria, containing proteins and other chemicals needed to break down carbohydrates and other high-energy molecules
• Intermembrane space

  plays a role in regulating respiration and metabolic functions (plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation)
• Total NADH made= 10
• Total FADH2 made= 2
• C6 (from glucose) is the source of Carbon in CO2
• H12 (from glucose) is the source of hydrogen in H2O
• O6 (from glucose) is the source of oxygen in CO2
• 6O2 is the source of oxygen in H2O
• Cellular respiration summary diagram:

  A) Glycolysis

  B) Krebs Cycle

  C) ETC

  D) O2

  E) H2O

  
• The Krebs Cycle:

  
• Lactic Acid Fermentation:

  
• Ethanol (yeast) Fermentation: