DEVC 40 EXAM

• Elements of DevComm

  • People
  • Ideas
  • Procedures
  • Devices
  • Organization
• AECT defined EDCOMM as a complex integrated process involving PIPDO for analysing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning in 1987
• Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT)
• • AECT 2017 definition of Edcomm: the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources
• • According to Habito-Cadiz (2007), educational communication is often referred to as the "audiovisual component of development communication because the field evolved from the audio-visual communication major"
• Characteristics of EdComm:

  • Process and Systems Thinking
  • Well-planned and Systematic
  • Best combination of Human and Non-human resources
  • Science Based
  • Various Functions
  • Emphasis on Nonformal Education
• Types of Education

  • Formal (Inside the Classroom)
  • Nonformal (outside of school)
  • Informal (everyday learning)
• The visual instruction movement, as said by Habito-Cadiz (2007),

  • "introduced the idea of classifying rather than listing visual aids"
  • Researches during this time were mostly on equipment, material, and teacher training, with a study by assessing the effectiveness of visual aids.
  • Focused too much on visual material itself
  • Visual materials were regarded as"aids" rather than capable of giving instruction by themselves
• audio-visual instruction movement

  • suffered the same weaknesses such as merely classifying materials along the abstract-concrete continuum.
  • It is to be noted that much research on the effectiveness of different kinds of audiovisual media was done during this time.
• audio-visual communication, which was defined as

  "that branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages, which control the learning process"
• Burrhus Frederic Skinner's reinforcement theory

  learning takes place or is strengthened with reinforcement
• the Inception Era (or the beginnings of the field of edcom): Mid-1950s to 1970s;

  • BS Agriculture Major in AgriculturalCommunication (Agcomm)
  • Agcomm had three specialization courses: Photography, Visual Design, Visual aids Design
• the Steady Growth Era (years when edcom was strengthened as a field under devcom): Late 1970s to early 2000s;

  • Birth of BS DevComm Program, still under College of Agriculture (CA)
  • Three majors: Audio-visual communication, Broadcast
  • Communication, Print Comunication
  • Audio-visual communication as predecessor of Education
  • Another change, ECO unit into Instructional Materials Unit (IMU)
  • housed learning materials producedONLY by BSDC students & faculty
• the Expansion Era (2012 to date.)

  • blurring of boundaries expansion to formal learning
  • Move towards more inclusive views of learning): Choice of Learners (PWD, Mentally exceptional) and Media used for Learning (role-playing, games, etc.)
• 3 Edcomm Thoughts

  • Edcom is process-based.
  • There is a blurred divide between formal and nonformal learning as focus of edcom.
  • There are different views on learning
• • Online Learning: intended for online use, takes time to develop, and is thus more reliable and stable.
  • Remote: often rushed in implementation and construction is only done because it had to be done
• SOPHISTS (Protagoras)

  • Professional teachers, taught young greek men a wirde range of topics
  • Intend to persuade and win
  • Prepare men for political participation
  • Charging of money, selling of knowledge
• Arete (excellence)
• Phronesis (Practical Knowledge)
• SOCRATES

  • Conservational teaching; powerful questioning of students
  • 3 Core beliefs: Admission of ignorance, Self-knowledge, Truth from questioning
• St. Thomas Aquinas

  • Logic and reason as superior
  • Sense Knowledge vs. Intellectual Knowledge
  • Faith is beyond cognitive capability
  • Rationalism from reason -Intellectual knowledge
  • Empiricism from experience - Sense Of Knowledge
• Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

  • Pestalozzi method: children should learn through experiencing things and activities
  • Heads, hands, and heart education of the whole child
  • Schools should hone students obligation to the world
• Friedrich Frouebel

  • Father of Kindergarten
  • Self-activity and play are important contributors to a child's education;
  • encourage self-expression
  • Use of music: Mother-Play and Nursery Songs
• Johann Amos Comenius

  • Czech Philosopher and educator
  • First to introduce hand drawn illustration in textbooks
  • Orbis Sensualium Pictus (The Visible World Pictured)
  • First primary school textbook/children's picture
• Ana Verona Dorris

  • American, Geography Instructor, and Supervisor on Visual Instruction
  • "Visual Instruction in the Public Schools"
  • Geography
• Edward Thorndike

  • Theory of Connectionism
  • Learning results from association of stimulus and response (S-R)
  • Experimented on cats in puzzle boxes; recommendations of result to human learning
  • Advocate for trial-and-error learning
  • 3 Laws: Readiness, Exercise, Effect
• Maria Montessori

  • Italian doctor and educator, believed that education should prepare a learner for all aspects of life
  • Sandbox Learning
  • Classroom with child-sized equipment to teach practical skills
  • Children are unique, independent, and community-concerned individuals
• Kurt Lewin

  • Conducted experiments to study childrens behaviour
  • Control and observe learner's psychological world
  • Lifespace; The Individual, her/his sought goals, barriers, environment
• B.F. Skinner

  • American Psychologist OperantConditioning: Controllable behaviour sustained by reinforcement
  • Positive and negative reinforcement
  • Teaching Machine for Individual Instruction
• Robert Gagne

  • Educational Psychologist
  • Gagne's Nine Levels of Learning/Nine Events of Instruction: Attention, Expectation, Recall,Presentation, Guidance, Practice, Feedback, Assessment, Retention, Transfer
• Richard E. Clark

  • Porf. of educational psychology and technology
  • Wrote the article "Reconsidering Research on Learning from Media"
  • Compare Media to Delivery truck
  • Method over media in delivering instruction
• Robert Kozma

  • Professor on Media Theory and educational technology
  • Wrote " Will Media Influence Learning: Reframing the Debate"
  • The question should be will media influence learning vs. does media influence learning
• David Jonassen

  • Constructivist Learning Environment (CLE) interactive (electronic) environment which uses authentic problems
  • Intereding, relevant, and meaningful situaton to trigger learning
  • Use of cases and problems from the outside world
• Everett Rogers

  • Development is a widely participatory process of social change in society, intended to bring about both social and material advancement (greater equality, freedom, and other valued qualities) for the majority of the people through gaining control over their environment.
• Learning

  • Any relatively permanent change in behaviour
• 3 Domains of Learning

  1. Cognitive Domain (Knowledge)
  2. Affective Domain (attitudes, emotion, values)
  3. Psychomotor Domain (skills)
• Behaviorism: if student mimics desirable behavior it means they learned; observable behavior
• Trial and Error Learning

  • Edward Lee Thorndike (1913)
  • Form connections inside brain between stimuli-response
• Classical Conditioning

  • Learning through association of two stimuli
  • Ivan Pavlov's Experiment on dogs (ringing of bell and dog food)
  • When Stimulus A is presented with Stimulus B repeatedly, Stimulus B becomes a conditioning stimulus that elicits a conditioned response
  • Unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response
• Operant conditioning

  • B.F. Skinner the effect of a response determine the likelihood of its repetition
  • Use of Reinforcement and Punishment in the pursuit of learning
  • Reinforcement: makes it likely to perform again
  • Punishment: makes it unlikely to perform again