joe reviewer

• Reproductive system


  The major function is to ensure survival of the species
• Functions of the reproductive system


  • Produce egg and sperm cells
  • Transport and sustain these cells
  • Nurture the developing offspring
  • Produce hormones

  
• Primary reproductive organs


  Gonads (ovaries and testes) - responsible for producing gametes and hormones
• Secondary/accessory reproductive organs


  Organs, ducts, and glands that transport and sustain gametes and nurture the developing offspring

  
• Male reproductive system


  • Consists of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, and penis

  
• Testes


  • Produce sperm in seminiferous tubules
  • Testis temperature is maintained about 2°C below core body temperature by the scrotum

  
• Vas deferens


  • Extends around and behind the urinary bladder, joins with duct from seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
  • Ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra
• Accessory glands


  • Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands produce secretions that combine with sperm to form semen

  
• Penis


  • Contains urethra and three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue
  • Glans penis is more sensitive to stimulation
• Hormonal control of male reproductive system

  1. Testosterone regulates GnRH, FSH, and LH through negative feedback

  2. Inhibin from Sertoli cells reduces FSH secretion

  
• Female reproductive system


  • Includes ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands, and external genital organs

  
• Ovaries


  • Packed with follicles, each containing an oocyte (partially developed egg) surrounded by support cells
• Oviducts and uterus


  • Oviducts convey egg from ovary to uterus
  • Uterus is a thick, muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy
• Vagina and vulva


  • Vagina is the site of sperm deposition and birth canal
  • Vulva is the external female genitalia

  
• Hormonal control of female reproductive system

  1. Ovarian cycle (follicular, ovulatory, luteal phases)

  2. Uterine cycle (menstrual, proliferative, secretory phases)

  3. Menopause marked by decreased ovarian hormones and increased FSH/LH

  
• Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four functions:

  • To produce egg and sperm cells

  • To transport and sustain these cells

  • To nurture the developing offspring

  • To produce hormones
• MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - The male reproductive system consists of those organs whose function is to produce a new individual, to accomplish reproduction.
• MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- This system consists of a pair of testes and a network of excretory ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferens), and ejaculatory ducts), seminal vesicles, the prostate, the bulbourethral glands, and the penis
• HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

  • These functions are divided between the primary and secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs.
  • The primary reproductive organs, or gonads, consist of the ovaries and testes. These organs are responsible for producing the egg and sperm cells gametes), and hormones.
  • All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive system are considered secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs. These structures transport and sustain the gametes and nurture the developing offspring.
• seminiferous tubules- The male gonads, or testes (singular, testis), produce sperm in highly coiled tubes
• VAS DEFERENCE- The ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra, the outlet tube for both the excretory system and the reproductive system
• Three sets of accessory glands

  • seminal vesicles
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands
• Two seminal vesicles contribute about 60% of the volume of semen.
• Prostate gland contributes about 30% of the volume of semen.
• BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS- Bulbo­urethral glands, located at the base of the bladder, secrete mucus that lubri­cates the urethra during sexual intercourse
• PROSTATE GLAND- It secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic vaginal fluids and helps protect the sperm cells from the female’s immune response. It also contains enzymes that liquefy the thick mucus surrounding the sperm cells so they can swim freely.
• Fallopian Tubes - Carry eggs from ovaries to uterus
• Ovaries - Produce eggs and hormones
• SEMINAL VESICLES - A pair of saclike glands that secrete an alkaline fluid containing fructose, citric acid, enzymes, prostaglandins, and proteins. The secretion helps maintain the pH level of the vagina at a slightly alkaline state, which is favorable for fertilization by sperm.
• Uterus - Site of implantation and development of embryo
• Cervix - Connects uterus with vagina
• Oviducts - Receive ovum from ovaries; site of fertilization
• UTERUS (WOMB) - Muscular organ where fetal development occurs; it has three layers: endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
• Endometrium - Inner layer of mucous membrane lining the cavity of the uterus
• BREASTS - Contain milk-producing glands (mammary glands) and fatty tissue; produce milk for nourishing infants
• Cervix - Lower part of uterus; opens into vagina
• MENARCHE - First menstrual period
• FERTILIZATION - Fusion of male gamete (spermatozoon) and female gamete (ovum)
• Myometrium - Middle muscular layer of the uterus
• Fallopian tubes - Also called oviducts or uterine tubes; connect the ovaries to the uterus; transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; site of fertilization