geography and the environment

Cards (27)

  • Pueblo Revolt

    Also known as Popé's Rebellion, due to the role played by Popé, a Pueblo holy man who organized the revolt
  • Pueblo Revolt
    1. The Spanish are blamed for the drought
    2. Popé organizes the Pueblo Indian villages to rise up against the Spanish
    3. Ropes with knots are used to time the day of the uprising
  • Stono Rebellion
    Largest slave rebellion in colonial times and one of 250 slave rebellions that took place in the South before the Civil War
  • Stono Rebellion
    1. Twenty slaves gathered near the Stono River, armed themselves by killing gun store owners
    2. Heading South and chanting "Liberty," they continued murdering along the way
    3. When they stopped near Edisto River, a mob of whites attacked, killing or capturing all but one
  • Bacon's Rebellion
    1. When Gov. Berkeley offers only token help in dealing with the Indians, Nathaniel Bacon leads a group of settlers who attack the Native Americans
    2. Bacon attacks the peaceful Doeg tribe
    3. Bacon leads his troops back east, they burn down Jamestown, Berkeley flees the colony
  • Leisler's Rebellion

    1. Protestant immigrant Jacob Leisler leads the rebellion again James II's government and becomes governor, supported by the mostly Dutch lower and middle class, who resented the English aristocracy
    2. When the new governor arrived, Leisler's head was cut off, his heart cut out, his head sewn back on his body, and then he was buried
  • Paxton Boys
    1. Scots-Irish settlers angry at Indian attacks slaughter 20 peaceful, Christian Conestoga tribe, then march on Philadelphia to kill more Christian Indians
    2. Ben Franklin persuades them to stop
  • Regulator Movements
    1. The Regulators wanted more representation in the govt. (which the Easterners controlled), more local courts, & tax reform
    2. In SC, the fear of a slave revolt made the Easterners reach a compromise, providing more courts & reduced legal fees, but no tax reform
    3. In NC, foreclosures radicalized them as they closed down the courthouses
  • Shays' Rebellion
    1. After their petitions for reform, including stay laws (which would postpone the foreclosure process), were ignored by the Massachusetts legislature, the western farmers began surrounding courthouses to stop foreclosures
    2. The national government has no army that it can send to help and the mob is only stopped thanks to a privately funded militia
  • Whiskey Rebellion
    1. As early as 1791, tax collectors are being tarred-and-feathered
    2. Hamilton, perhaps trying to start a fight, encourages the Attorney General to arrest over 60 western PA farmers for failure to pay taxes
    3. Seven thousand poor, mostly landless farmers threaten Pittsburgh
    4. The rebels want the excise tax repealed and an end to holding criminal trials outside the local community
    5. Washington leads 13,000 militiamen to crush the revolt
  • Colonial Gold Rush
    Inspired by great wealth coming from the Spanish gold mines in the New World, the Virginia Company of London sought to establish a colony (at Jamestown) to discover gold, but no gold was found
  • California Gold Rush
    Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in CA (Jan. 1848), leading to 80K settlers arriving in CA by 1849 looking for gold, and a total of 250K by 1852 (including 25K Chinese)
  • Proclamation of 1763
    British order passed after the French & Indian War that blocks westward migration and restricts the colonists to east of the Appalachian Mountains, aimed to appease the Native Americans following Pontiac's Rebellion
  • Homestead Act (1862)
    Congressional law passed during the Civil War that encourages westward migration by allowing settlers to claim 160 acres of land, but the land was often not enough for most farmers to survive on the arid Great Plain
  • Killed labor
    • Mining camps and boomtowns needed law and order
    • Dealing with California became a major issue in 1850
    • California would be admitted as a free state as part of the Compromise of 1850
    • Many settlers remained as farmers, lumberjacks, traders, and other careers
  • Proclamation of 1763
    • British order passed after the French & Indian War
    • Blocks westward migration
    • Aimed to appease the Native Americans following Pontiac's Rebellion
    • Restricted the colonists to east of the Appalachian Mountains
    • Not effective, but angers the colonists
  • Homestead Act (1862)
    • Congressional law passed during the Civil War
    • Encourages westward migration
    • Could be enacted now that the South had seceded and could no longer block westward settlement
    • Encourage Americans to settle out west
    • The 160 acres of land settlers received was not enough for most farmers to survive on the arid Great Plain
    • Led to more conflicts with Native Americans
  • Expansion of cotton into the southwest (1790-1820)
    1. Cotton growers move from Old South into Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi
    2. Driven by the need for new soil as cotton's exhausts the soil
    3. Demand for cotton is growing due to the Industrial Revolution and Eli Whitney's cotton gin (1793)
    4. Expansion of slavery and southern culture
    5. Southwestern states develop an economy based on cotton and slavery
  • Expansion of New England farmers into the Midwest (1790s-1840s)

    1. New England very rocky with long winters
    2. Land in the Northwest and upstate New York is more fertile
    3. Bring their New England "puritan" values
    4. Expansion coincides with the Second Great Awakening (1790s-1840s)
    5. Spread of revivalism
    6. Spread of reform movements that came as a result of the Second Great Awakening (so this would include the spread of abolitionism giving the NWt Territories a much different view of slavery)
    7. Migration encouraged by completion of the Erie Canal (1825)
    8. Midwest develops economy based on small farming
  • Erie Canal
    • Completed by the state of New York in 1825
    • Links the Great Lakes with the Hudson River
    • Promotes westward expansion
    • Farmers can now make use of the fertile lands of western New York and the Midwest since they can now get their crops to market
  • Transcontinental Railroad
    • Completed by private companies with federal help
    • Links the West and East coasts
    • Promotes westward expansion
    • Farmers can now make use of the lands of western lands, especially the Great Plains, since they can now get their crops to market
    • Allows for mining in the west (gold in California, South Dakota, silver in Nevada, copper in Montana, Arizona)
  • Conservation (Theodore Roosevelt)

    • Conservationists want to carefully control and use the nation's natural resources for economic use
    • Opposed to overuse or exploitation of natural resources
    • Gifford Pinchot, TR's forestry chief, promotes scientific management of government lands to most efficiently "harvest" timber
    • Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) used public land sales money for irrigation projects
  • Preservation (John Muir)

    • Preservationists want to protect and maintain nature in a pristine state
    • John Muir founds the Sierra Club (1892)
    • Tried to protect the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
    • Pinchot supports the city of San Francisco who build a dam in the national park, defeat for preservationists
    • Muir does convince TR to double the number of national parks
  • Attempts at national energy policy - 1973 oil crisis
    1. As a result of US support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War, the Arab nations of OPEC imposed an oil embargo on the US
    2. This led to the 1973 oil crisis
    3. President Nixon's response: high oil prices contribute to "stagflation" where there is high unemployment and high inflation, launches "Project Independence 1980", appoints an "energy czar" to manage the crisis, oil price controls do not work
    4. Oil crisis ends when the Arab oil embargo ends in March 1974 and the recession will end the next year during Gerald Ford's presidency
    5. President Ford's response: tries to take on stagflation and the oil crisis, wants to expand domestic oil production by decontrolling oil domestic oil prices, creates the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
  • Attempts at national energy policy - 1979 oil crisis
    1. 1979 oil crisis comes during Middle East turmoil as the US-backed Shah of Iran is overthrown, in 1980, Iran and Irag go to war further disrupting Middle East oil production
    2. President Carter's response: like Nixon and Ford, the national economy is suffering from stagflation, like Nixon and Ford, he seeks energy independence but Carter focuses on oil conservation by consumers, makes energy conservation a moral crusade, creates the Department of Energy, promotes renewable energy and nuclear power, begins to phase out price controls
    3. President Reagan's response: seeks energy independence, shifts policy focus from decreasing demand (Carter) to increasing supply, ends price controls, 1981 recession causes a drop in demand for oil and Iran ends oil embargo which leads to a decrease in oil prices
  • Competition over land in the colonies between whites and Native Americans
    • White appetite for land and conflicts over religion led to conflict between the colonists and Indians
    • Indians lost land to the whites because they were weakened by disease, lack of European weapons, lack of effective, central leadership, the whites would pit one tribe against another or would use some tribes as allies
    • Some entire tribes were wiped out, some had their tribal lands greatly reduced, and others were forced to relocate out west
  • Competition over land in the West (1865-1898) between whites, Mexican Americans, Chinese and Native Americans

    • Mexican Americans: After the Mexican American War (1846-1848), the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised to protect the rights and liberties of Mexicans now living in the US, and protect that the titles to land that Mexicans had received from the Mexican govt. would be "inviolably respected", however, federal law required Mexicans to prove the validity of their land title while negotiating a bureaucratic maze of rules and regulations, in CA, 25% of the land titles were rejected and in the New Mexico territory 76% were rejected, Californios – Mexicans living in CA, land owning californios lost their land by being swindled and through bad weather, many Mexican Americans forced into the working class either in barrios in the cities or as farm workers for the whites
    • Chinese: Many Chinese came to work on the railroad, others came during the Gold Rush, which attracted poor Chinese
    • Native Americans: Called African Americans fighting under white command against the Plains Indians "buffalo soldiers", white settlement introduced various factors that weakened the Indian population - disease, fighting with white settlers and other tribes, alcohol, buffalo