Lab 4

• Cranial [Superior]

  Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
• Caudal [Inferior]

  Towards the tail or lower part of the body; below
• Ventral [Anterior]

  Towards or at the underside of the body; in front of
• Dorsal [Posterior]

  Towards or at the top of the body; behind
• Medial

  Towards or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
• Lateral

  Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
• Proximal

  Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
• Distal

  Farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
• Superficial (or external)

  Towards or at the body surface
• Deep (or internal)

  Away from the body surface; more internal
• Median / Mid-sagittal Plane

  Plane that passes through the axis of the body (it is also a special type of sagittal plane)
• Sagittal Plane

  Plane parallel to the axis of the body
• Transverse Plane

  Plane cutting body (or body part) at right angles to its long axis
• Dorsal [frontal] Plane

  Plane dividing the body into dorsal [posterior] and ventral [anterior] parts
• Types of Tissue - Epithelial

  "Sheets" of cells that cover the outside of the body and line organs
• Types of Tissue - Connective

  Scattered cells through an extracellular matrix that hold tissues and organs in place. There are many types of connective tissue:

  • Fat
  • Bone
  • Tendon
• Types of Tissue - Muscular

  Tissues responsible for body movements, including internal organs. There are three types of muscle tissue types:

  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
  • Skeletal
• Types of Tissue - Nervous

  Processing, transmitting and receiving information
• Digestive System Components

  Components:

  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Intestines
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Anus
• Circulatory System Components

  Components:

  • Heart
  • Blood Vessels
  • Blood
• Respiratory System Components

  Components:

  • Lungs
  • Trachea
  • Other Breathing Tubes
• Immune & Lymphatic System Components

  Components:

  • Bone Marrow
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Lymph Vessels
• Excretory System Components

  Components:

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
• Endocrine System Components

  Components:

  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal
  • Other Hormone-Secreting Glands
• Reproductive System Components

  Components:

  • Ovaries or Testes
• Nervous System Components

  Components:

  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  • Nerves
  • Sensory Organs
• Integumentary System Components

  Components:

  • Skin and its derivatives (such as hair, claws, sweat glands)
• Skeletal System Components

  Components:

  • Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments and cartilage)
• Muscular System Components

  Components:

  • Skeletal Muscles
• Digestive System Functions

  Food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination)
• Circulatory System Functions

  Internal distribution of materials
• Respiratory System Functions

  Gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of CO2)
• Immune & Lymphatic System Function

  Body defence (fighting infections and virally induced cancers)
• Excretory System Functions

  Disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood
• Endocrine System Functions

  Coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)
• Reproductive System Function

  Gamete production; promotion of fertilisation; support of developing embryo
• Nervous System Function

  Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them
• Integumentary System Function

  Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation
• Skeletal System Function

  Body support, protection of internal organs, movement
• Muscular System Function

  Locomotion and other movement