ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Endocrine System- is a network of glandular structured that function in close coordination with the nervous system
• Processes under direct endocrine control include: Growth, Reproduction, Cellular metabolism, and the regulation of blood levels of many important nutrients.
• hyperthrophic=characterized by excessive growth
• corticotropic=acting upon the cortex
• hormone is a chemical substance that is synthesized by one organ or tissue and is carried in the blood to another tissue, called a target organ
• The Pituitary Gland- is a tiny-pea-shaped structure hanging from the base of the brain.
• • pituitary gland-Refer as the master gland of the body because it produces hormones that regulate the function of other endocrine structures
• The anterior lobe of the pituitary also called adenohypophysis secretes 6 hormones
• somatotropin- growth hormones, which regulate the growth of the bones and other tissues
• thyroid-stimulating hormones-TSH which regulate the activity of the thyroid gland
• The thyroid gland regulates the overall state of cellular metabolism in the body and plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the blood.
• The thyroid gland produces three hormones: thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin
• Thyroid gland TRIIODOTHYRONINE - also called the T3 which acts to increase the rate of cellular metabolism
• Endocrine glands- secrete chemical substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream
• exocrine glands - secrete chemical substances onto the surface of the body
• Thyroid gland THROXINE - also called tetraiodothyronine or T4, which acts to increase the rate of cellular metabolism after being converted to T3, in the tissues.
• Thyroid gland CALCITONIN - which acts in conjunction with parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood.
• Pituitary Gland somatotropin- growth hormones, which regulate the growth of the bones and other tissues
• Pituitary Gland thyroid-stimulating hormones-TSH which regulate the activity of the thyroid gland
• Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, - which acts in conjunction with calcitonin to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
• ADRENAL GLAND- are a pair of triangular organs situated atop the kidneys; because of their location, they are sometimes alternatively referred to as the suprarenal glands.
• Adrenal gland CORTISOL - which regulates the metabolism of complex molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins.
• Adrenal gland ALDOSTERONE - which regulates water balance & mineral levels in the blood.
• Adrenal gland

  ANDROGEN - These serve as precursors for the sex hormones manufactured in the ovaries and testes.
• Adrenal gland Epinephrine- also called adrenaline, which acts in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system to stimulate "fight or flight" reactions in response to stress
• Adrenal gland eropinephrine- also called noradrenaline reduces the diameter of blood vessels in the periphery
• dopamine- which opposes the action of accepting nephrine to the blood vessels and stimulating blood flow to the kidney
• Pancreas- is an elongated organ located just below stonediocrine organ
• Pancreas INSULIN - acts to clear sugar from the blood by promoting its storage in the tissues as carbohydrates when blood glucose levels are high
• Pancreas GLUCAGON (GI.OO-kuh-gon), stimulates the release of sugar from storage sites in the liver when blood glucose levels are low.
• PINEAL GLAND - gland is a small, pine cone-shaped organ located deep within the brain, just behind the thalamus
• Thymus MELATONIN - which influences the maturation of sexual organs during puberty and may play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms; circadian, literally meaning "about a day." refers to cyclical processes such as sleep and wakefulness that occur in regular patterns over the course of a day.
• Thymus- is a butterfly shaped organ located between tie lungs in intânts and young children; during puberty, the thymus begins wither away, leaving adults with fat and connective tissue in its place.
• thymus Thymosin (THIE muh-sin), plays a role in the development of the immune response in newborns
• The Gonalds - organs of the reproductive systems that are responsible for producing sex hormones. FEMALES : OVARIES MALES : TESTES
• The ovaries produce the two female sex hormones: Estradiol - also called estrogen which responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics (for example breast, and pubic hair) and plays a role in regulating cyclic changes in the lining of the uterus
• The ovaries produce the two female sex hormones: Progesterone - complements the action of estradiol in regulating cyclic changes in the lining of the urethra.
• The testes produce the male sex hormone: Testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary characteristics (for example pubic hair, and beard) and regulating numerous metabolic and behavioral processes in males.
• ACROMEGALY- enlargement of bones in the extremities and head due to overproduction of growth hormone after puberty
• ADDISON’S DISEASE- decreased production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids by the adrenal glands leads to weakness, fatigue, weightloss, and increased pigmentation of the skin.